Essay Exploring Suicide - 3200 Words

Exploring Suicide The natural end of every human life is death. Some people, for reasons that have never been fully understood, choose to end their own lives. This is called suicide, which means literally ?self-killing?. For all the uncertainty that has surrounded the phenomenon of suicide, this assessment of the problem is probably as accurate as any. The individual seemingly hopeless conflict with the world, decides to end his or her existence in what amounts to a final assault against a society that can no longer be tolerated. In so doing, the person tries to obtain a final revenge on everything and everyone that has caused their feelings of depression. Attempts at suicide, and suicidal thoughts of feelings are usually symptom†¦show more content†¦Suicide is not spoken much and is a topic that needed to be explored. Statistics on suicide attempts changes rapidly, that none can be stated with accuracy. To further understand suicide, we must take a look at the different reasons behind the act itself. Suicide in not a genetic disease, but rather a series of events that are very depressing or stressful. Without depression, most people would not attempt to take their own lives. Attitudes toward suicide vary from age to age and from civilization to civilization. Suicide is a serious problem in today?s society. Suicide is most common in teenagers and suicide also claims the lives of many adults. Suicide does not happen frequently but is highly recognized when it does happen. There are many solutions for people who feel that they have no choice but to commit suicide. Finding a solution can be easy as to taking a prescribed drug from a doctor. They?re many doctors that are trained to help people who are on the verge of suicide. People, who have experienced helplessness and hopelessness, see their lives as empty of meaning. People, who are hostile, want to punish people they see as villains and forget that the villain is even in existence. Some suicides can be accidental. Person may want to manipulate themselves to make people realize what they want or need. In doing so that person could accidentally go too far and kill himself or herself when they actually didn?t want to die. Drug abuse is another cause of suicide. TheShow MoreRelatedExploring Suicide Essay1489 Words   |  6 PagesExploring Suicide Works Cited Not Included Durkheim became interested in the subject of suicide while in France in the late 1880’s, he offered a series of lectures to the public and later published what was his third major work ‘le suicide’ in 1897. ‘Le Suicide’ is of great importance because it is his first serious effort to establish empiricism in sociology, an empiricism that would Read MoreThe Gender Paradox Of Suicidal Behavior899 Words   |  4 Pagessignificant disparity in suicide rates between males and females; more specifically, the rates of attempted and completed suicides are unbalanced. Studies conducted by CDC in 2015 show that males are nearly four times as successful in completion of suicide than females; however, the prevalence of suicidal thoughts is much higher among females than it is among males as shown in the 2013 research by SAMHSA (29). So if women are more likely to experience suicidal thoughts and attempt suicide, why are men moreRead MoreSuicide Rates Among Youths Aged890 Words   |  4 PagesSuicide rates among youths aged 15-24 tripled over the past half-century suggesting a public health crisis in this community.4,16 Many general studies of the youth community are in existence, but to create an action plan, the individual risk factors and characteristics ne ed to be better understood. One risk factor of particular interest is sexual orientation. Studies suggest an increased risk of suicidality in sexual minority youth (SMY) and the purpose of this paper is to better understand thisRead MoreEvaluation Of Suicide Risk Assessment Essay995 Words   |  4 Pagesobserve changes, progress, and monitor risks. Especially, suicide risk assessment is a gateway to patient treatment and management. The purpose of suicide risk assessment is to identify treatable and modifiable risks and protective factors that inform the patient’s treatment and safety management requirements. I got insight into how important it is to document suicide risk assessments with sufficient information. Documentation of suicide risk assessments facilitates continuity of care and promotesRead MoreThe Effects Of Depression On Health Issues And Promote People s Wellbeing Essay1515 Words   |  7 Pagesthemselves and this could lead to suicide. Since their safety is at risk, it’s essential to figure ways on how to promote their recovery. Although depression can not be easily treated, there are several ways to help guide them through this illness. For instance, there are many helpful sources that bring awareness to health issues and promote people’s wellbeing. Scope Since in most cases of depression people have suicidal thoughts or attempt to commit suicide, health providers believeRead MoreMorality in Ethan Frome Essay examples705 Words   |  3 Pageson them, throughout the story. Frome acknowledges his dilemma of running away with Mattie or staying with Zeena, but is inefficient in seeing past the initial consequences of each choice and exploring other possibilities of escape besides the basic. Ethan’s central decision in the book, to commit suicide with Mattie, is made with free will; although it is Mattie’s idea, Ethan agrees and takes the reins in the front of the sled. Although Ethan Frome is a broken man perpetually frozen in a bleakRead More Essay on The Awakening733 Words   |  3 Pagesnovel.   Reading through others interpretations of her novel has also brought forth new concepts to look at again.   In An American Madame Bovary, Cyrille Arnavon argues that â€Å"there seems to be insufficient justification for Edna’s ‘romantic’ suicide, and this is the main weakness of this fine novel† (185).   Throughout the book, Edna is portrayed as a strong woman emerging from sleep and making her mark on the world.   She starts earning her own money and moves out of her husband’s home into aRead MoreFactors Contributing Factors Affecting The Lives Of The Native American1337 Words   |  6 Pagesadolescence into adulthood (cdc.gov). Adverse events in the life of the Native American (NA) begin with existing in rural areas, on a reservation with uncertain socioeconomic growth. For all NA residents, reservation life has considerable exposure to suicide and is one of the many contributing factors to its occurrence and the rising epidemic (Bazrafshan, Sharif, Molazem, Mani, 2016). Numerous risk factors for suicidal ideation, attempt and completion can vary across age groups, cultures, sex, andRead MoreEvaluation Of A Psychiatric Treatment1610 Words   |  7 Pagessuicidal plan already attempted, I would recommend to her family that I be allowed to refer her to be immediately hospitalized for a minimum of 48 hours under the psychiatric care of her psychiatrist. I would require that she is placed on a one-to-one suicide watch either by a RN or mental aide technician while at the psychiatric hospital. I would also propose that if she is taken off the recommended treatment due to clinical improvement she must be regularly monitor according to hospital procedures. Read MoreSuicide Among Adolescents And College Students1649 Words   |  7 PagesSuicide among adolescents and college students has become a major problem in the United States. In the last few years there has been a steady increase in the number of suicides on college campuses in the United States. In the United States suicide is the third leading cause of death among persons aged 15-24 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). A study conducted by the University of Virginia suggests that more college students die as a result of suicide than alcohol abuse (Turner

College Basketball Players Should Be Paid - 2319 Words

Along with college football, college basketball, particularly division I basketball, is one of the main sports that many people enjoy watching. During the month of March division I basketball has a huge men’s tournament called March Madness. March Madness brought in $701 million this past season (Hruby 1). Where does all of that money go if the athletes do not receive any of it? That is an enormous amount of revenue that division I basketball players alone brought in just for one year. Should division I basketball players receive pay for their â€Å"works† on the court? College basketball players are students and not professional athletes. College basketball players also get scholarships, so why should they get non-educational pay as well (â€Å"College Athletes† 2)? This extra pay seems unfair for other students. However, not only do college basketball players have to focus on their grades and academics, which is a full-time commitment, but they also have to foc us on basketball—another full-time commitment. If the college basketball player does not perform well in either of these areas they could lose their scholarship money because it can easily be taken away (Cooper 4). Division I basketball players should be â€Å"paid† and treated equal as other students. While they have people that believe division I basketball players should be paid; there are some people that believe that division one college athlete should not be paid. Ava Cambio, from Matlacha, Florida, believe that ifShow MoreRelated Should College Athletes be Paid? Essay1510 Words   |  7 Pageswith sports is, should student athletes be be paid a salary? Some people believe that they should be paid and others would completely disagree. Even though they technically are being paid, they really are not. The only type of way the athletes would be paid is through financial aid or if they have a job. Only their education is being paid by the school. Although some people believe that they should be paid, it would not be a good idea at all. So college athletes should not be paid at all becauseRead MoreThe Ultimate Exploitation1179 Words   |  5 Pagesplay football or basketball at a division one university. Most people have a perception that these athletes are on full ride sch olarships and can afford everything they need in college. Well this is incorrect; in fact these division one athletes have to pay to live comfortably, even though they are making their schools millions of dollars from their talents being showcased. They are being taken advantage of and a change must come. College athletes, who play football and basketball at the divisionRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1591 Words   |  7 PagesFree Education Is Already Enough For College Athletes More and more it’s discussed daily on whether if college athletes should finally be paid, or remain unpaid, this topic is very important because college sports are very popular in the United States. College athletes should remain unpaid because it wouldn’t be fair to the other less watch sports that don’t bring in a lot of revenue, it wouldn’t be fair to the female athletes they wouldn’t be paid equally, college athletes already have advantages andRead MoreAre College Athletes Really Worth Paying? This Question1442 Words   |  6 Pages Are college athletes really worth paying? This question is asked numerous times around the NCAA headquarters and among supporters of college athletics. Colleges are making a great deal of money from sports and many college coaches make just as much as NFL coaches and more than a professor would in a year. Networks like CBS and NBC are increasing revenue with coverage like March Madness, which has a contract worth 1 0.8 billion dollars through until 2024, as well as college football playoffs. ForRead MoreCollege Essay On Paying College Athletes1060 Words   |  5 PagesPaying College Athletes Many people believe that college athletes should be paid for how much revenue they bring to their school. However, there are also people who think they should not get paid because they already have numerous advantages that other students do not have. Student-athletes at the Division 1 level that play mens basketball and football should not necessarily be paid a salary but should be able to make money off of their accomplishments, especially if we hold them on a high pedestalRead MoreCollege Athletes Receive Scholarships : College Athlete1586 Words   |  7 PagesImagine you are a college athlete. You have worked hard throughout your life to get to where you are today, a Division I college athlete. However, the grind doesn’t stop there. You still have to put in about 40 hours each week on your sport, attend mandatory team workouts and meetings, and travel and compete for your school. Not to mention you still have difficult college classes, sleep, and your social life to worry about. You are well aware of the sacrifices you have to make, but your school? NowRead MoreCollege athletes sould be paid to play1364 Words   |  6 PagesBy: College athletes should be paid to play! In this essay you’re being persuaded, you are being persuaded to agree that college athletes should be played to play. Here there is some information that will help change your mind if you don’t agree with this already. This essay will talk about the athletes not being able to pay for many of the things they need, they haven’t got any time for a job, the athletes bring in money to there schools, and more. The college athletesRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid? Essays1105 Words   |  5 PagesThe NCAA makes more than a billion dollars during March Madness each year due to all the sponsors and other advertising. College Athletes need to be paid because an average they practice up to five days a week during the season and also have lots of training in the offseason. Plus they have to attend school every day which gives college athletes no time to actually have a full functioning job to be able to buy groceries and other expenses. The athletes only have their scholarship to use for otherRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1334 Words   |  6 Pagesrising to the surface is â€Å"Should college athletes be paid?†. This has become a burning question. The NCAA is a multibillion-dollar industry, that makes millions, if not billions, in revenue. Yet it’s still maintains the non-profit status meaning that the industry is not set on making a profit and none of the re venue that is made is distributed to its members, managers, or officers. While most players who play in college sports are under a scholarship, that pays for the college tuition, books, and housingRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1397 Words   |  6 Pagessports, is whether or not college athletes should be paid. When referring to college athletes the main focus is on basketball and football athletes. The sports of both basketball and football in the NCAA generate the most revenue amongst all other college sports. The combined profit of these two sports go through a trickling down process, in which the income is distributed amongst the other sports teams of the university. The ideal thing to expect is to pay all college athletes, the reality is that

The Impacts Of The American Revolution And The French...

Throughout history, revolutionary trends changed views across the Atlantic world. Without historical documents, we could not see the effects of these revolutions and new ideas to its fullest accuracy. From the likes of the French Revolution with famous document The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and Toussaint L’Ouverture’s Letter to the Directors of France to the famous Spanish Revolution Document Address to the Congress of Angostura by Simon Bolivar, the documents provide different perspectives on how each revolution had the largest impact on their respective territories. The French Revolution, from 1789-1799, was full of social turmoil. According to Robert Strayer’s textbook Ways of the World, during the American†¦show more content†¦With the release of this document, women began to make political demands to become more relevant in French society. Few males supported this upbringing, but women created petitions informing the public of their complaints. There was a petition that said women were to be called, â€Å"the third estate of the third estate.† Soon after, sixty women’s clubs were established but banned after four years by an all-male legislative body. In 1793, King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antionette were executed because of the National Assembly. Almost immediately after, Maximilien Robespierre stepped up as leader of the commoners and implemented his reign of terror. In this one-year span, violence rang out. Thousands were sent to the guillotine for execution. The reign of terror ended once Robespierre was executed by his very own execution machine in which he became famous for using. According to Robert Strayer’s textbook, as the revolution itself ended in 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte stepped up as leader of France. Napoleon is given credit for taming the revolution in the sense of preserve more modern elements in the country. At the beginning of his reign, he preserved civil equality but emphasized equality for men only. French domination ceased to exist throughout Europe, however. By 1815, Napoleon’s empire ceased to exist, and the era of the French RevolutionShow MoreRelatedEssay On The French Revolution And American Revolution1370 Words   |  6 PagesThe American and French Revolutions are both unforgettable historical events that have made a substantial and severe impact on the present-day society. The American Revolution was an influential time period, lasting from 1774-1783, where the 13 British colonies in the Americas rebelled against the rule of Great Britain for independence. The French Revolution was a period of chaos from 1789 to 1799, where the people of France tried to overthrow their monarchy, King Louis XVI. Both of these RevolutionsRead MoreHistory : The American Revolution Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagesmoral quality, which was strongly held in the people’s hearts in America, and it consequently spread to other countries in the world. It is believed that American Revolution was the most important chapter in human history just because it was their action that made the ideals of liberty, equality, and justice to materialize. The American Revolution had a very big significance worldwide as it changed the world not by removing and altering of power in any of the states but by the appearance of the newRead MoreHistory : The American Revolution1442 Words   |  6 Pagesmoral quality, which was strongly held in the people’s hearts in America, and it consequently spread to other countries in the world. It is believed that American Revolution was the most important chapter in human history just becaus e it was their action that made the ideals of liberty, equality, and justice to materialize. The American Revolution had a very big significance worldwide as it changed the world not by removing and altering of power in any of the states but by the appearance of the newRead MoreThe French Revolution1575 Words   |  7 Pagesrule, France was working to free itself from royal absolutism. This period is historically known as the French Revolution. Many scholars do not agree on the chronology of the French Revolution; some scholars suggest that the Revolution took place between 1789 to 1799 while others feel that it did not end until Napoleon lost power in 1815. To better understand the history of the French Revolution it is necessary to discuss the causes, major events, significant figures, and the outcomes associated withRead MoreAmerican and French Revolution - Essay1419 Words   |  6 Pagesthe American and French Revolutions declared that their goal was to create a new political system based on the principles of liberty and equality. However, the interpretation of those ideas by the American Founding Fathers turned out to be distinctly different from that of the French revolutionaries. How did those different interpretations of the concepts of liberty and equality affect the outcomes and the legacies of both revolutions? Analyze, compare, and contrast. The American Revolution officiallyRead MoreThe French Revolution And Its Effects On The Planet s History1272 Words   |  6 PagesThe French Revolution 1789-1799 is known as a standout amongst the most critical occasions on the planet s history. Its effect barely can be exaggerated because of comprehensively brought about suggestions. Along these lines, it is considered as by and large substantial birth of cultivated standards. Being allocated to discover circumstances and end results of French Revolution, it is very hard to be maximally extensive with answer. Proper breaking down requires a lot of things considering. Be thatRead MoreThe Age of Revolutions1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe Age of Revolutions is often a term used for a period of time, usually between 1760 -1848. Although the term encompasses many revolutions across the globe, it isn’t very often that these events are examined as a whole; compared and contrasted to show the similarities, differences, and even some potential catalytic properties between them. The book The Age of Revolutions in Global Context, c. 1760-1840, put together and edited by David Armitage and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, is a book of essays collaboratedRead MoreTo What Extent Was The Enlightenment The Main Driving Force Behind The American And French Revolutions?1479 Words   |  6 Pagesfocuses on the causes of Atlantic Revolutions and will explore the question: To what extent was the Enlightenment the main driving force behind the American and French Revolutions? The years 1685 to 1815 (Strayer, 2011) will be the focus of this investigation to allow for an analysis of the Enlightenment ideas’ impact the need for governmental change in the American colonies and France during the eighteenth century, as well as their governmental influences post-revolutions. †¯ The first source whichRead MoreFrench Revolution - Montesquieu Voltaire844 Words   |  4 PagesFrench Revolution: The Influences When the Enlightenment occurred, it established some modern-day ideals such as religious toleration, separation of powers, and natural rights. These Enlightened principles eventually spread throughout France, causing the people to question the current state of their society, and ultimately causing the French Revolution. Montesquieu and Voltaire were two very major Enlightenment figures whose beliefs had a huge impact on the French Revolution. The ever-growingRead MoreThe American Revolution-Eight Long Years852 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution, also known as the American Revolutionary War and the War of Independence, lasted from 1775 to 1783. It stemmed from growing tensions between England’s 13 North American colonies and the colonial government representing England, as well as cost sharing imposed on English colonies by successive governments in London for debts attributed to former wars (Foner, 2012). The â€Å"cost sharing† encompassed a variety of measures including taxation on goods produced in the colonies,

Essay on How Technology is Represented in Star Wars

How Technology is Represented in Star Wars When watching the film, Star Wars, it is impossible not to be aware of the technology that is represented in the film, partly because it is so much more advanced than our own is now, but also because we can imagine how we might someday acquire such technology. The central theme in Star Wars is good versus evil, clearly demonstrated by the technology in the film. While the Rebels (the good guys) use technology primarily to fight for freedom and quality of life for all, the Empire (the bad guys) use technology to develop weapons of destruction and war in an attempt to rule the galaxy. In addition to these two opposing sides, there is another group that doesn’t use technology for war. This†¦show more content†¦However, even if we don’t look into the future, Star Wars can tell us volumes about how technology can affect our society, especially as it pertains to war. Through the ages there have been constant struggles to resolve disputes. However, as we can see through our history, sometimes peaceful resolutions are not possible because of misunderstandings, corruption, power, or greed. In these cases, one alternative to settling the dispute is war. Technology plays an extremely important role in war, and this is clearly demonstrated in Star Wars. Star Wars possesses similarities to our own culture and with the vast amounts of technology represented in the film, it is an ideal choice to better understand our own society. We are delighted to have the opportunity to examine Star Wars because we feel intimately connected to the film and all that it represents. We grew up with R2D2, C3PO, Luke Skywalker, Princess Leia, Han Solo, and Chewbacca. We dressed up like them for Halloween, we played Star Wars games for countless hours, we imagined ourselves using their futuristic technology, and now we want to study how this artifact has affected our society and how it might affect our future. Research Question: In the movie, Star Wars, how is technology represented differently in its ability to help humankind and/or destroy it? Methods: We decided to conduct our analysis on theShow MoreRelatedThe Star Wars Trilogy983 Words   |  4 PagesAssociated Press, and states that the Star Wars series only represented â€Å"25 or 30 per cent† of what he wanted it to be. In the following paragraphs, I will show you how editing scenes differently can and will change the outlook of characters and the story of Star Wars IV: A New Hope. Due to the great commercial success of the Star Wars series, George Lucas was given the opportunity to rerelease Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope along with the two other movies in the Star Wars Trilogy. Fox spent a reportedRead MoreThe Representation of Genre and Narrative in the Opening Sequence of the Film Blade Runner614 Words   |  3 Pages1950s there was a massive revival of interest in the genre -partly due to the anxieties of post war relations between the USA and the USSR, a fear of the effects of new weapons and increasing reports of UFO sightings. Although Stanley Kubricks 2001 - A Space Odyssey (1968) had great impact science fiction did not become popular with audiences again until the late 1970s with Star Wars and Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977). The special effects created for these two Read MoreReligion, A Fad, And Pop Culture1248 Words   |  5 PagesJediism: A Religion, A Fad, and Pop-Culture Religion has been a controversial topic for thousands of years. More lives have been lost in the name of â€Å"God†, in Wars, crusades, territory disputes, religious clashes, and the list goes on, even to this day. Religion is worshipping and believing in a higher power. Also, religion is a very intimate relationship with this higher power, which may be called, â€Å"God†, â€Å"The Force†, â€Å"Allah†, and â€Å"Buddha†. The symbols used in different religions vary on their beliefsRead MoreBiography of Hedy Lamarr1684 Words   |  7 PagesIn our time period now, Hedy Lamarr helped build the foundation of some most revolutionary technology; she made great contributions to human culture. There is a website which describes a basic background of that time period, According to the article hedylamarr.org which said that after the World War II, Hedy Lamarr who wanted to make a greater contribution to the design of the control of torpedoes. Because radio control guidance system is too vulnerable to be damaged, so it is never be produced atRead MoreNuclear weapons have been used for intimidation and power amongst countries around the world. Even1700 Words   |  7 Pagescountries for power and use nuclear weapons in order acquire the upper head. But in reality, if the world ever goes on the brink of an all out nuclear war, everyone would be dust flowing in the wind. Author Arthur C. Clarke speaks against nuclear weapons in his book 2001: A Space Odyssey. In his book, the message that he tries convey is that technology is advancing rapidly, and the use of it could be either beneficial, or can ultimate be the cause of the destruction of the human race. Its where haveRead MoreThe Invention Of The Camera1278 Words   |  6 PagesPhotography has changed a lot since the invention of the camera. New techniques are developed as technology advances. There is also trends and styles that influence photography and its different aspects. Portr aiture is perhaps one of the most seen types of photography that has been there since the beginning of the camera. Of course, portraits were first oil paintings that were used to portray a person, but photography has taken over and improved, in a way, these representations. Portraits tell usRead MoreEssay What Do We Really Know About The Beginning Of Time?1406 Words   |  6 PagesCalvin and Hobbes called it â€Å"The Horrendous Space Kablooie,† but many people do not grasp the enormous concept (Milne). How exactly do you prove how time began? A writer for Scientific American put this subject into perspective: â€Å"If you’re religious, this is like looking at God† (Milne). Cosmology is the study of the universe, its workings, how it was made, and what it will become. How the universe began has always been a wonder to humans. One of the first widely accepted theories in the 1700s, calledRead MoreEssay about How Women are Represented in Science Fiction Films Today1095 Words   |  5 PagesHow Women are Represented in Science Fiction Films Today Science fiction films have changed a lot since the days of rubber monsters and fake blood. This is not only because of the advance in technology but also in the brave character choices directors of films are now taking. A prime example of this can be seen in T T2 in regards to the character of Sarah Connor. The representation of women in Science fiction films has changed dramatically the more traditional feminineRead Morescientific study religion in society1520 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ 1. Explain how this course is an example of the scientific study religion in society. This course can be seen as an example of a scientific study of religion due to the fact that throughout this course we have examined the study of religion as social scientists examining different aspects of culture value and beliefs. The critical analysis of different religions within society is an objective scientific study that provides insight onto other cultures globally. 2. Apply Chidester’s theory thatRead MoreThe Inaugural Speech By John Fitzgerald Kennedy Essay1344 Words   |  6 Pagesfitting response due to its timing when the relationship between the Soviet Union and the western world exacerbated. In the same breath, the speech satisfied its audience by expecting a peace future of the world. Kennedy’s use of pathos is the most represented appeal in his speech. From the beginning of the speech, he referred his victory of winning the election is also a â€Å"celebration of freedom†, since it is â€Å"symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning---signifying renewal, as well as change.† In the

How the theme of social progress is presented in The Time Machine Essay Example For Students

How the theme of social progress is presented in The Time Machine Essay The Time Machine was written by Herbert George Wells at the turn of the century. This book was one of the fin de siecle novels, which meant that it was written as a horror novel because people were frightened as to what the new century might bring. Other writers who produced such novels in the fin de siecle genre were Bram stoker, who wrote Dracula and Robert Louis Stephenson, who wrote Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. In the period that this novel was written, the class system was very much apparent in Great Britain. In stately homes around the country, cooks, footmen and butlers lived in underground kitchens, while the masters and mistresses of the house lived above ground in the lap of luxury. Their every need was provided by their servants while their wealth was maintained by employing cheap labour and running sweatshops and factories. Wells was born in Bromley, Kent in 1866. He was apprenticed to a draper at the age of 14 when his fathers business failed. His mother went as a housekeeper at a stately home called Uppark, which was where Wells love of books came from. We will write a custom essay on How the theme of social progress is presented in The Time Machine specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now He sometimes came and visited his mother at Uppark and when he saw that the family had gone out for the evening or the whole day, and then he would creep upstairs and explore the library. The young Herbert would stay in the underground quarters of the maids and butlers, which he described as a subterranean kitchen. This experience of the underground will later be translated to the sinister, dark, airless, claustrophobic habitat of the Morlocks. Wells, despite difficulties, struggled on in his love of science. He won a scholarship to study Biology at the Normal School of Science in London. He studied under T. H. Huxley but left the school without a degree in 1887. Later, Wells obtained his degree in 1890 after years of teaching in private schools. He, unfortunately, suffered a near fatal haemorrhage in 1893, but this illness encouraged him to become a full time novelist producing works including: The Time Machine (1895) The Invisible Man (1897) The War of the Worlds (1898) At the time of Wells writing, Einstein and Darwin were both working on their theories and these were brought to public attention; Darwins theory of Evolution and Einsteins theory of relativity. The Theory of evolution is summed up as predicting the survival of the fittest which meant that only the best adapted beings would survive throughout time. This obviously intrigued Wells and it was used as the basis of his Novel The Time Machine. Also, Einsteins theory of Relativity is in the novel because it raised the possibility of a 4th dimension which is heavily featured in the book. The Time Machine is mainly written as a flashback. It begins with the narration coming from a guest at a party that the time traveller is having. The guests are discussing the prospect of the 4th dimension and how the human race will have evolved to a race with titanic mental capabilities. The TT believes that the world would have become utopia throughout the course of history, but when he reaches the far future he can see that his vision is far from the truth. He can see that Darwins theory of evolution is almost the complete opposite of what has happened, and the two factions, into which the human race has been divided, are both of minimal intelligence. The two species in the book are Eloi and Morlock. The Eloi live above ground, eat fruit, make love and generally live in the lap of luxury. The Morlocks on the other hand, live underground and work the machines that keep the Eloi fed and clothed. This comparison of Eloi and Morlock is a metaphor for the upper class and the working class. Wells mother severed the upper class at Uppark. Wells obviously felt resentment towards them for this because they kept the servants underground. The name Eloi sounds very much like the word Elite meaning best of the best. .uc2ace42e8f9eab89cc81156929f6f4b3 , .uc2ace42e8f9eab89cc81156929f6f4b3 .postImageUrl , .uc2ace42e8f9eab89cc81156929f6f4b3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc2ace42e8f9eab89cc81156929f6f4b3 , .uc2ace42e8f9eab89cc81156929f6f4b3:hover , .uc2ace42e8f9eab89cc81156929f6f4b3:visited , .uc2ace42e8f9eab89cc81156929f6f4b3:active { border:0!important; } .uc2ace42e8f9eab89cc81156929f6f4b3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc2ace42e8f9eab89cc81156929f6f4b3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc2ace42e8f9eab89cc81156929f6f4b3:active , .uc2ace42e8f9eab89cc81156929f6f4b3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc2ace42e8f9eab89cc81156929f6f4b3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc2ace42e8f9eab89cc81156929f6f4b3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc2ace42e8f9eab89cc81156929f6f4b3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc2ace42e8f9eab89cc81156929f6f4b3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc2ace42e8f9eab89cc81156929f6f4b3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc2ace42e8f9eab89cc81156929f6f4b3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc2ace42e8f9eab89cc81156929f6f4b3 .uc2ace42e8f9eab89cc81156929f6f4b3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc2ace42e8f9eab89cc81156929f6f4b3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Life And Death In John Keats EssayThe Eloi are described as being small, with bright red, rather thin lips and indescribably frail. The T. T. says that his flushed face reminded me of the more beautiful kind of consumptive. (Consumptive being a person with the disease Tuberculosis, a disease that affects the lungs). They are portrayed as behaving in a childish manner which eventually starts to annoy the T. T. Compared to the Morlocks, the Eloi are the upper class of the two factions. The Morlocks represent the working class of the 19th century, working the machines deep under ground. Wells does not give much description of the Morlocks on their first encounter, but every time he sees one, the description becomes more vivid. He describes them as different types of animals on different occasions. He first describes them being like a deer, then a worm, then a lemur and finally a white fish of the Kentucky caves. These similes are used to describe the different qualities that the Morlock posses. Their description conjures up images of horrible creatures. They are described as being nauseatingly inhuman and pale. The relationship shared between the Eloi and Morlock is an unhappy one. The Eloi live off the Morlocks strength and ability to provide for them, where as the Morlocks live off the Eloi quite literally. They eat the Eloi. This reflects the British class system perfectly. The masters and mistresses require the services of the maids permanently, but if the butlers and housekeepers decide not to carry on working, then the masters of the house will not be able to survive independently. In this novel, Wells is warning us of the potential hazards of the class system. If upper and lower class people carry on as they are, then the human race will evolve into a race of dependant inbreeds, and race of subterranean dwelling savages. This could be prevented by equality; if everybody is equal then there is no danger of this happening. I believe Wells to be a pessimist. I say this because he wrote a book with a moral; if things carry on as they are, then this is what we will turn out as. This book is a timeless classic. It gives us an insight of what we could be if things dont change for the better.

The Best Little Girl In The World free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper Analysis of The Best Little Girl in the World The writer of my book is Steven Levenkron. Warner Books published this book in September of 1978 in New York, NY. The genre of my book is fiction with suspense. The Best Small Girl in the World could be based on a true narrative, but it is non wholly true to life. It would fall under the suspense class because the reader does non cognize if Kessa will populate or dice. The all important intents of this book are to inform and to narrate. The writer does a nice occupation of accomplishing his intent. I am now cognizant of the many dangers of the deathly disease being described. Steven Levenkron has many makings. He is a? practising clinical psychologist with a forte in eating upsets? ( The Best Little Girl in the World page 2 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Best Little Girl In The World or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He has been a? clinical adviser at Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center every bit good as the Center for the survey of Anorexia and Bulimia in New York City? ( page 2 ) . He is besides a? current member of ANAD of Highland Park, Illinois? ( page 2 ) . This book does hold a few failings but more strengths. A failing would hold to be the stoping. It is non eventful. I was trusting for a surprise of some kind, and it neer came. However, I noted many strengths. The descriptive inside informations seem great. Although the inside informations appear instead gross at points, I think that is a good thing. That manner a reader discovers the rough world of the disease. ? The dilutant is the victor? ( The Best Little Girl in the World Steven Levenkron page 25 ) . This is a powerful quotation mark because tenuity is what the whole narrative is based upon. Kessa thinks that the dilutant she is the better. She is most decidedly proved incorrectly in the terminal. I noted three chief scenes used in this book. The Best Small Girl in the World takes topographic point in the twelvemonth of 1979. The first 1 is the Dietrich? s place. Their flat is located in New York City. The 2nd location is at Francesca? s dance studio business district. The 3rd location where the action takes topographic point is in the infirmary. Kessa is in the infirmary for about three months, and so she is released to populate at place. Four chief characters are present in this book. They happen to be Kessa, Lila, Grace and Harold. The two supporters are Kessa and Grace. Kessa is a short, frail, fifteen-year-old miss. Grace appears to be a middle-aged homemaker. Grace is supportive of Kessa even through the tough times. The adversaries are Harold and Lila. Harold is Kessa? s male parent who has a little imbibing job. He ever cries and is crabbed. Lila, Kessa? s roomie in the infirmary, is ever seting Kessa down for being anorectic. She calls her a? skinny. ? One type of struggle in this peculiar book is man/woman versus man/woman. This is shown when Kessa is forced to eat by her parents. Another type of struggle is man/woman versus ego. This is the biggest struggle throughout the full narrative. Kessa continues to conflict herself over her weight. Yet another type is man/woman versus nature. This is shown when Kessa? s blood force per unit area drops to an highly low rate. Man/woman versus society is the images of scraggy theoretical accounts that Kessa cuts out demonstrate the consequence of society upon immature people. Man/woman versus destiny, supernatural, and god/goddess is shown because Kessa? s destiny is to maintain her life. The composing manner of the writer is third-person omniscient. This means that the writer can creep into the character? s heads. I enjoy this manner because the reader is able to cognize what all of the characters are believing. I enjoyed this book, so I would decidedly urge it to others. It shows the rough world of anorexia nervosa. After reading this book, an person will recognize that this is a serious affair, which should non be taken lightly.

My Magnificent Grandpa free essay sample

Everyone has that special person in their life that shares a bond with you that will never be broken. The special person in my life is my grandpa. He died last month because of cancer. My grandpa lived life to its fullest and taught me to do the same. To start of my grandpa didn’t worry about little things. He put his family and friends, his lawn, and his garden before all other things. Yes he loves his lawn and garden like he loved his family. He would always go out and cut his grass because it had to look its best. My grandpa’s garden was beautiful he had tomatos, corn, grapes, lettuce, and black berries. I loved the corn it was to die for so yummy! This though me not to worry about the pleasures in life like money, toys, and items like that also to always put family first. We will write a custom essay sample on My Magnificent Grandpa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My grandpa loved kids every time we would come over he echoed â€Å"There my Kelsey and Molly Rosie!† with a big smile upon his face. When it was time to go he questioned â€Å"When are you coming over again?† I would yell â€Å"Soon grandpa!† When my grandpa would say that I know that I was really special to him. Now most men may not clean house but every Friday night when my grandma went to bingo he cleaned the house for her. He used to cut grass for the old woman down the street. They became good friends and had a lot in common they both couldn’t hear very well. My grandpa was a very helpful man. He does anything to keep everyone happy. He helped me to help others because of him I help my church do a community protects on thanksgiving to feed senior citizens. I’ll be the first to say my grandpa must have been popular! He had lots of friends. Kelsey Elizabeth Hill

Longitude Essay Research Paper Book Review of free essay sample

Longitude Essay, Research Paper Book Review of Longitude Sometimes all it takes is one adult male. One adult male who believes and enterprises. One adult male who will travel against the grain, no affair the odds. In her book Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of his Time, published by Walker and Co. in 1995 with 184 pages, Dava Sobell portrays the trouble of cultivating a agency with which to accurately mensurate lines of longitude in a manner many people may neer hold thought approximately. Today, it is taken for granted the attempt that was put into longitudinal lines. And to cast visible radiation on the topic, Sobell has reconstructed a spot of the yesteryear. In making so, she has placed most of the focal point on the adult male responsible for our apprehension of longitude today. A adult male who about single-handedly created an accurate measurement system for longitude and developed big promotions in clockwork. We will write a custom essay sample on Longitude Essay Research Paper Book Review of or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You may be chew overing how the two could be related, but the beauty of longitude is that clip steps longitude, and so began John Harrison? s work. The job of happening a measurement system to accurately mensurate longitude persisted up to and into the 18th century, where it reached the pinacle of its argument. It was during this century in which the Board of Longitude was formed in order promote the constitution of an accurate step of longitude, specifically while at sea. This commission setup a pecuniary award of # 8356 ; 20,000 to the individual who could develop a manner to mensurate longitude to within half a grade of truth. Over the class of many old ages, two distinguishable attacks to the solution evolved. John Harrison, a lone wolf who pioneered the attack of the craftsmen, headed one attack. It was Harrison who, about single-handedly, allowed for the usage of timekeepers to judge one? s place of longitude. To make so needed highly precise redstem storksbills, which at that clip, did non be. Timepieces of the 18th century could non accurately digest the fluctuations in temperature and force per unit area experienced on the unfastened sea. In fact, even the most accurate redstem storksbills were away by at least a minute everyday. With the production of his first conditions digesting preciseness clock, the H-1, Harrison paved the manner for accurate longitude readings. Meanwhile, about at the same time, another attack was being developed for the same intent. This method used the Moon and its comparative distance between heavenly organic structures. This lunar method had required many old ages to hone, and merely became dependable with the coming of Hadley? s quarter-circle, an instrument that used mirrors to mensurate the distances between the celestial organic structures. This instrument, combined with a elaborate star chart, allowed a sailing master to accurately foretell one? s longitude. Both of these methods gained credence, and so began the? race? to obtain the award and glorification. Peoples continued to better upon both methods. Soon, Hadley? s quarter-circle gave rise to the sextant, which included a telescope and a wider mensurating discharge. These add-ons made this utile instrument even more precise. Meanwhile, Harrison, critical of his ain achievements, continued to better upon the H-1, and shortly produced H-2. While heavier than its predecessor, it was now more accurate and somewhat smaller. But Harrison was still non content with his work, and so continued to putter with another, even smaller version of his celebrated clock, called H-3. Harrison spent about 20 old ages on this promotion before he eventually submitted it for proving. The H-3 included inventions that are still in usage today, such as a bi-metallic strip to contradict the effects of temperature discrepancy, and a ball be aring appliance to cut down clash between the traveling parts. Yet, despite all these progresss, Harrison? s greatest chef-doeuvre was yet to come. Borrowing thoughts from a ticker given to him by a friend, Harrison began working on his following timekeeper. His following work, dubbed the H-4, was finished in 1759 and resembled a pocket ticker more than his first three plants, which had been redstem storksbills. It besides did off with the antifriction devices from earlier. The H-4 was now merely 3 lbs ( small letter when compared to the first three ) and included gems such as diamonds in the workings. Harrison instantly called it his? chef-doeuvre? and thanked God for leting him to populate long plenty to bring forth it. Though he was eventually content with his workmanship, Harrison had many old ages to come of proving and debating before his chef-doeuvre gained exclusion. The Board of Longitude had favored the heavenly agencies of finding longitude from the beginning, and therefore they delayed the spread the H-4 to the populace. However, Harrison was recognized by the community of horologists for his expertness, and therefore began the motion for the building of an improved, less expensive version of the H-4. Larcum Kendall was the first clocksmith to copy Harrison? s design. Unfortunately, Kendall was non imaginative plenty to bring forth striking new thoughts, and in fact excluded some major parts, doing faulty timekeepers. However, his tickers found their manner onto ocean trips to many terminals of the Earth. Thomas Mudge was following to try the building of what was now known as a chronometer. Mudge improved upon some of Harrison? s thoughts, but much the same as Kendall, Mudge merely produced three such instruments. John Arnold, nevertheless, produced 100s of high quality chronometers. Bing a of course imaginative adult male, about to a mistake, Arnold produced many different designs and improved much upon the now aging H-4 design. This adult male was even able to cut down the size of his device plenty to genuinely be called a? pocket? chronometer. Possibly Arnold? s largest rival, Thomas Earnshaw is credited for showing in the modern chronometer. With his simplistic inventions of Harrison? s and Arnold? s thoughts, plus an component leting his chronometer to necessitate no oil, Earnshaw, though holding a inclination for fiscal problems, was still able to bring forth a nice income from his established mill. By now Kendall, Mudge, Arnold, and Earnshaw had all received awards for their several achievements. The lunar method of voyaging the longitudes had died down. What had one time been a competitory theoretical account for finding longitude had now been all but forgotten. In its position rose the chronometer, which in clip became an ordinary required instrument on every ship at sea. In her book, Sobell portrays the timeline of the development of the chronometer in a manner that intrigues the reader. The instead short chapters keep the capable concise without excessively many unwanted inside informations, but long plenty to let a deepness of apprehension of each subject. Besides, the linguistic communication was non so proficient as to do the book boring to read. This allowed me to sit down and read big parts of the book at a clip. I besides enjoyed the inclusion of the humourous methods attempted for longitude, such as the hurt Canis familiariss ; and the inclusion of such fly-by-night characters as Maskelyne merely seemed to do this book read about as a narrative, alternatively of a historical history. Many work forces may hold made the chronometer what it is today, but all of these work forces stood on the shoulders of a adult male before them. One adult male. A individual adult male against all odds and all unfavorable judgment? believing in himself, and his thoughts.

History of Urbanization in Brazil in 1980

Institutional environment explains how interaction between institution and organization shapes economic activity, and consequently managerial strategies and performance. It is well established that the availability of information is one of the determinant of efficiency of resource allocation growth and decisions in any economy.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on History of Urbanization in Brazil in 1980 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Economic reform has brought about an accelerated urbanization in Brazil since 1980, as it has been manifested in population growth in many cities and in a growing number of cities. In Brazil, investment decisions from private sector are usually influenced by private sector perception of the economy (Coeurderoy Murray 2008). Brazil as a country has moved from a nation with great promise to a nation where many investment opportunities are available. A more stable currency and politica l system, coupled with vast mineral and natural resources wealth have made the country a ‘must’ for all organizations with truly international or global ambitions to invest in the country (Makino, Isobe, Chan 2004). With a population of about 194 million people, Brazil is the 5th largest market in the world after India, China, Indonesia and the U.S. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) report, the report indicates that the country is a leading one when you compare it with other South American nations in terms of technological and infrastructure development. When you combine these facts with stable political and economic landscape, you see the reason why Brazil attracts a higher percentage of world’s FDI year by year (Makino, Isobe, Chan 2004). But when you compare Brazil to Hong Kong, starting or doing business in Brazil can be very difficult (Lumpkin Dess, 2001). The main cause is the bureaucratic hurdles that are found in almost all government agencies and the accompanying barrier of business regulations. In fact, Brazilians are known as â€Å"biting around the bush† (Chandler Hanks 1993) around the world. Instead, before they do business they would like to know an individual first. As compared to Hong Kong, Brazil financial is extremely expensive and individual competition is very tough. Therefore, businesses should have their special relations to find better financial loans or get their own financing. The Brazil justice system is also very slow and to some extent it is corrupt but in the last 10 years it has been slowly improving (Chandler Hanks 1993). Every manager needs to know the hierarchical business set up that is found in Brazil. â€Å"Decision-making in Brazil’s organizational culture is often reserved for senior managers† (Publishing, 2009). Therefore, a manager should take his/her time to build a working relationship with his/her junior staff. In addition, for a foreigner manager it is d ifficult, so it is important for non-Brazilian to have a third-party introduction when doing business (Publishing, 2009).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A foreign manager needs to realize the importance of each employee’s distinct duties or roles in the company (Morrison 1994). Most Brazilians believe that a supervisor will be chosen because he/she has more experience than the rest of employees under him/her. They also believe it will be inappropriate to consult lower-ranking employees when making a decision (Morrison 1994). In addition, according to Morrison (1994), â€Å"there is a disparity in term of salary or wage differentials, and therefore aspirations and lifestyles, among classes in the country†. Minorities are the ones holding power. This hierarchical nature can be reflected in business situations. Great deference is paid to job function, authority figures, scope of responsibility, and reporting relationships are strictly followed and clearly defined (Publishing, 2009). Reference List Chandler, G. N. Hanks, S. H 1993, ‘Measuring the performance of emerging businesses: A validation study’. Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 8, pp. 391-408. Coeurderoy, R. Murray, G 2008,’Regulatory environments and the location decision:evidence from the early foreign market entries of new-technology-based firms’. Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 39 no. 4, pp. 670-88. Lumpkin, G. T. Dess, G. G 2001, ‘Linking two dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation to firm performance: The moderating role of environment and industry life cycle’, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 16 no. 5, pp. 429-51. Makino, S., Isobe, T., Chan, C 2004, ‘Does country matter?’ Strategic Management Journal, vol. 25 no. 10, pp. 1027-43. Morrison, E. K 1994, Leadership skills: developing volunteers for o rganizational success, Fisher Books Publisher, New York.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on History of Urbanization in Brazil in 1980 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Publishing, F 2009, Leadership Skills, Ferguson Publisher, London. This report on History of Urbanization in Brazil in 1980 was written and submitted by user Mekh1 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Motorola China Experience Case Answers Essay Example

Motorola China Experience Case Answers Essay Example Motorola China Experience Case Answers Essay Motorola China Experience Case Answers Essay Case Study-Motorola China Experience 1. How should Motorola appropriately react to the emerging local brands, head-to-head competing or cooperating in some fields? Due to the large size of the Chinese cell phone market and its potential for long-term continual growth, competition for access to China’s consumer markets is intense. Competitive threats from Nokia, Siemens, Samsung, and local producers like TCL are a cause for concern within Motorola. However, eighty-four percent of Chinese consumers prefer foreign mobile phones to local models, with Motorola, Nokia and Ericsson being their favorite makers, according to a nation-wide survey conducted by the China Telecommunications Association and Eaglewings Public Relations. For this reason, Motorola’s biggest competition for cell phone supremacy would likely appear to come from foreign companies outside of China. China’s aforementioned government structure plays an interesting role in the assumption that foreign companies will maintain dominance. As is traditional, the socialist government hierarchy prefers for a majority of any industry to have local majority control. The government, which controls the operations of the service provider sector and is a dominant player in distribution channels as well, has the means to make this goal a reality – quickly. For this reason, Motorola must not only utilize shorter-term strategies to find a way to grow market share, but long-term change strategies to find a way to compete with government powered locally owned firms. The Ministry of Information Industry showed that Motorola had a leading market share of 28. % in the mobile phone industry as of April 2002. Competition Local Chinese Brands ? 3% Nokia ? 5% Siemens ? 47% Motorola ? 13 % Samsung ? 22% Others ? 10% Market Share of Chinese Cell Phone Market (as of 1st Quarter 2005) The cellular phone industry in China is going through the growth stage of the industry life cycle. As the countries market continues to grow rapidly, bar riers to entry are being lessened, as the government and its people want to assure the advancement of the industry. Overall the market is currently at around 180 million subscribers, number one in the world, with expectations of 300 million subscribers by 2003. This is currently only a 13. 9% penetration rate, which is lower than average, as compared with all other major cell phone markets. This early industry life cycle stage’s strong growth potential is what makes China such an attractive market for expansion. Emerging local brands Joint ventures and cooperation projects Motorola has 9 joint ventures in China, which produce cell phones, CDMA equipment, semiconductors and other high-tech products. ? Guangzhou Jinpeng Cellular System Co. , Ltd. ? Shanghai Motorola Telecom Products Co. ,Ltd. ? Beijing Huamin Smartcard System Manufacturing Co. ,Ltd. ? Hangzhou Eastcom Cellular Phone Co. Ltd. ? Leshan-Phoenix Semiconductor Co. ,Ltd. ? Huamin Smartcard System Co. ,Ltd. ? Hangzhou Eastcom Cellular Equipment Co. , Ltd. ? Shanghai Zhongmei Automotive Electronics Co. , Ltd. ? Motorola Qiangxin (Tianjin) IC Design Co. , Ltd.. Despite the increasing number of Chinese phones, foreign brands - Nokia (NYSE: NOK), Motorola (NYSE: MOT), Samsung an d Sony Ericsson (NYSE: SNE) - still dominate the mobile phone market in the world’s fastest growing economy. According to CCID Consulting, the mentioned four handset maker’s account for more than 70% of all mobile phones sold in the first half of this year. During the first six months, around 248 million mobile phones have been produced in China, and the figure is expected to exceed half a billion till the year’s end. Speaking of numbers, it’s also important to repeat that there were over 480 million mobile phone users in China at the end of Q1 2007. If the growth continues with the expected rate - and every indicator goes in that direction - there will be more than 500 million mobile phone subscribers until the end of 2007. Market analysts attribute this success to the company’s brand reputation, flexible product strategy, and considerate after sales service. Motorola has positioned itself as a desired local product brand that provides optimal value throughout its relationship with customers. According to company sources, Motorola was successful in China due to its understanding of the market and the people and because of the strategies it adopted. However, analysts were skeptical about Motorolas success in China in the future on account of increasing competition from both local and foreign players in the mobile handset market, which was an important product segment for the company. Over the years, Motorola expanded its business in China to various segments, such as Personal Communication Sector (PCS), Global Telecom Solutions Sector (GTSS), Semiconductor Products Sector (SPS), Commercial, Government and Industrial Solutions Sector (CGISS), Broadcast Communications Sector (BCS) and Integrated Electronics Systems Sector (IESS) (Refer Table I for segment information). Along with expanding into a wide range of products, Motorola also focused on improving quality in its Chinese manufacturing units. In 1995, Motorola manufacturing plants got ISO9002,7 ISO140018 and QS9000 quality certification. 9 Over the years, Motorola concentrated on three product categories mobile phones, telecom network equipment and semiconductors 2. How would licensing manufacturing technology to Chinese manufacturers weaken Motorola’s core competency? Motorola’s Long-term Manufacturing Strategy in China 1. Motorola is firmly committed to investing, transferring technologies, and building local manufacturing and R capabilities in China, which will provide China with advanced communications solutions. 2. Motorola will continue its long-term plan to localize management in China and to develop and train outstanding local management. 3. Motorola will continue to work with local partners to create a comprehensive local supply chain. 4. Motorola will continue to promote joint ventures and cooperative projects with local partners to probe China’s new market opportunities as China is increasing integrate into the world market. In the near term, Motorola’s China strategy is to build China into world-class production and R bases, realize Seamless Mobility in China first and proactively carry out CSR. Motorola has been demonstrating its firm commitment to China through the years, which can be best reflected by the awards the company has received in recent years. The following are the major awards Motorola has won in China in 2006: The Success Recipe When Motorola entered China in the early 1990s, analysts were not very sure about its success due to increasing inflation and the unstable political environment. However, they did feel that China offered a vast market and was an attractive destination for MNCs. According to Motorola sources, Chinas vast market and low manufacturing costs were the factors that influenced their investment decision. Initially Motorola was wary about setting up manufacturing facilities in China and put up a makeshift plant in Tianjin to manufacture paging devices. However by 2003, Motorola was regarded as the most successful foreign company in China. There are two service providers for wireless access in the Chinese market: China Mobile, which provides 69% of service; China Unicom, which provides the remaining 31% of service. China United Telecommunications Co. , Ltd. was formed in 1994 under a government directive to break up the monopoly held by China Mobile. In May 2002, the old China Mobile was ordered by the government to break into two operating entities, where China mobile will retain the original corporate identity and operate in 21 provinces and municipalities in south China. Despite this apparent attempt by the government to strengthen competition in the market, both have strong government ties. These ties, and the duopoly created by this situation has caused for a lack of competition to lead to severe price imbalances for consumers. Because of their dominant positions it is imperative that cell phone distributors form alliance with these providers to enhance the distribution of their products. The retail distribution for the cell phone is severely fragmented, but consolidating with industry growth and expansion. As mentioned previously, because of its dominant position, China Mobile serves as a major distributor for cell phone technology producers. Major department stores and retail outlets (ex. Tristar) provide another key outlets for distribution. There is no one way to get products to consumers, as no one company has access to all of the markets in the nation, so providers must develop relationships with many types of outlets to gain market advantage. This is changing as the larger outlets and suppliers are buying up smaller retailers to consolidate their retail capabilities. Growth in China may not be huge in dollar terms, but it helps counter sales declines elsewhere, says Claudia D’Arpizio, a Bain partner in Milan. According to D’Arpizio, China’s luxury market is still modest when compared to Europe’s (which accounts for 38 percent of worldwide spending on luxury goods), South and North America’s (which accounts for 33 percent) and Japan’s (which accounts for 12 percent). Michael Ouyang, CEO of the World Luxury Association China Office,  said luxury brands have become an essential part of life for many Chinese and  estimates China will become the biggest consumer of luxury goods by 2015, accounting for at least 32 percent of the market. China has an estimated 300,000 millionaires and a 250-million strong middle class. When combined, these groups spend 40 billion yuan a year on luxuries, according to figures from accounting firm Ernst Young. As China grows, the consumption of luxury goods will not only be found in stores and in person – they’ll be found online and through mobile devices. Luxury brands need to develop long-term digital strategies that focus on e-commerce and m-commerce. And those strategies need to coincide with the brand’s long-term strategy for expansion and growth of retail locations in the cities’ brick and mortar stores. Licensing With the growing demand for cell phones and saturating markets for other consumer appliances, many Chinese consumer appliance companies also entered the mobile handset business thus increasing the competition for multinational companies such as Motorola. Motorola started feeling the heat by the early 2000s, when it saw its market share declining due to fierce competition in the Chinese mobile handset market. In order to increase its sales and market share, Motorola announced a new strategy in June 2002. Despite this, Motorola continued to lose its market share and analysts were skeptical about its continued dominance in the Chinese market The China telecom sector is witnessing plenty of competition nowadays, where excellent IT services management is becoming a critical advantage in the close competition, said Frank Zhou, General Manager of FrontRange China. Before deployment of our GoldMine solution, we analyzed the specific requirements and processes of the most successful enterprises like Motorola China, and finalized key elements in IT service management of these enterprises. We are sure the latest version of FrontRanges GoldMine can best manage customer relations with minimal operation costs, and help our customers in highly competitive markets. 3. Facing the expanding low-priced segment, how should Motorola, traditionally known as a brand for high-end mobile phones, position itself? By the end of October 2002, China became the largest cellular market in the world with a total number of 180 million cell phones in use. The number reached 220 million by the end of 2002. According to the data from China Mobile and China Unicom, the cumulative number of subscribers has increased by an annual rate of more than 50% from 1998 through 2002. The stereotyped image of cell phone owner â€Å"affluent boss† – has long faded. While this may describe one of the segments still targeted by cell phone manufacturers, today’s user symbolizes the blending of tastes, preferences and meanings associated with products crossing several demographics and psychographics boundaries. A discussion of the 4 market segments that defines today’s cell phone user follows. Heavy Users: They are successful entrepreneurs, businessmen/women, or professionals aged older than 30, with higher income. People in this segment view cell phones as a necessary tool for their jobs. Most of them are early adopters of mobile phone. It’s easy for them to stick to one brand because they are unwilling to spend time in getting used to new menus. Therefore, this segment is much more loyal in certain brands with reliable quality, compared to the other three segments. They are willing to pay extra money for high quality. Technology Enthusiasts: This segment is male dominated, highly educated, aged between 25 and 45. They are eager to try every hi-tech gadget, and always seek new cell phones with either cutting-edge technology embedded or unique functions. Consumers falling into this category are more likely to try some fantastic accessories connecting cell phone and other personal digital devices, such as laptop and PDA, as well as make advantage of the wide usage of cell phone like wireless access to the Internet. Fashion Seekers: Most consumers in this segment are young female aged 20 to 40 who love and can afford trendy apparel. They care more about the appearance of cell phone, such shape, size and color, than diversified functions. TV commercials featuring appropriate celebrities usually have a significant influence on the purchase behavior of this segment. Both this segment and Technology Enthusiasts have the propensity of changing their phones frequently. Therefore, products targeting these two segments have a relatively shorter life cycle. Social-Life Lovers: This is not a â€Å"richer† segment. Regarding demographics, these people are consumers with average income, either man or woman, without age limit. They like to make friends and care about their families. Cell phone is a perfect tool for them to keep in touch with both friends and family members. However, they may not be attracted to cell phones with comprehensive and sophisticated functions at relatively higher prices. People in these segments are much more price-sensitive than those in the above three segments. They’re usually patient to wait for sales promotions in order to get good deals. From this point of view, the profit margin of cell phones targeting this segment is the lowest in the four categories. However, with the increasing number of people owning a cell phone, this segment is expanding rapidly and makes more and more contribution to the growth of the entire market size. Covering all levels in mobile phone products, Motorola’s smart phones cover low-class, middle-class and high-class, with products prices from several hundred Yuan to six thousand Yuan. The fall in average prices allow smart phones to become the market mainstream, so Motorola’s lays its solid dominant position in middle-and low-end market. The low-end market of 2,000 Yuan and under phones is almost occupied by Motorola market share has improved slightly in 2008Q3, with its new middle-end products becoming popular among users. Motorola fifth largest brand in Chinas smart phone market. Consumers Motorola’s primary consumers can be broken down into four primary segments: ? Busy professionals for whom cell phones are a Heavy Users absolute requirement (high income). ? Primarily males 25 – 45, highly educated and Enthusiasts fascinated by the latest technologies. Accompli Fashion ? Young females 20 – 40. They tend to keep up with the latest trends and are fairly affluent. Seekers Social-Life ? Average income consumers, who love to socialize and make new friends. Family tends to Lovers be very important. Motorola’s Strategy Originally pursued a global marketing strategy in China. This strategy quickly met resistance and Motorola adjusted by changing to a more localized strategy. Localized strategy included: Adapting models and software to meet specified local demands. Sourcing through local suppliers. International mobile phone giants have suffered big market share declines in China, because the countrys two mobile operators, China Mobile Ltd. and China Unicom Ltd. , have collectively purchased more cell phones for rural locations and other emerging markets since the first half of 2007. They have purchased mainly low-end and mid-range handsets in which local brands enjoy comparative advantages. This has helped domestic handset manufacturers win a larger collective market share of 37. 5 percent, up from 25 percent in 2007. At the same time, Nokia and Samsung, major competitors of Motorola in China, have been trying to secure larger market shares. Nokia, with its advantages in product diversity, sales channels, product promotions and packaged sales, saw its first-quarter sales continue to increase and its market share reach 37. 4 percent. Samsung has invested substantially in the Chinese market in the past year by introducing more products, adjusting its product portfolio and pricing and distribution strategies, strengthening its marketing efforts and expanding its cooperation with mobile operators in customized handsets. As a result, its share of the Chinese market outpaced Motorolas by 6 percentage points in the first quarter of 2008. By contrast, Motorolas product portfolio is thinner. The company failed to introduce more innovations after it started marketing its hot-selling RAZR series handsets in August 2004. This has prevented the company from winning more customers, said Yang. Motorola only introduced 13 new mobile phone models in China in 2007, while Nokia introduced 55, the majority of which were low-end handsets. With an 80-year history of technological innovation and branding behind it, all Motorola needs is a rejuvenation plan. The company will start by launching more diversified products designed for Chi nese customers, Ren told the Beijing Morning Post. Motorola also has failed to introduce more handsets to cater to the Chinese market since the rollout of its MING handsets, a Linux-based smartphone, Ren said. The company came to realize that this has been one of the reasons for its unsatisfactory performance in China in the past two years, he added. Motorola launched a new model in its ROKR handset series-the ROKR E8-as a music phone, on April 30 and is about to debut seven or eight new models in China in the coming three months. 4. Is the company’s current branding strategy effective in penetrating this segment? If not, what kind of marketing strategy should Motorola follow? Motorola wants to be a purely Chinese company. We want to be more Chinese than local companies. Lai Bingrong, Senior Vice President Motorola Inc. President Motorola (China) Electronic Co. , Ltd. in 2000. China is one of our most important crucial markets and we are still the first and largest US business in operation there. Fred Harburg, President, Motorola University, in June 2002. There is a lot of trust on the Chinese side because Motorola has put a lot of investment into the country. Crag Watts, A nalyst Norson Telecom Consulting, in January 2003 Five Point plan for winning branding strategy 1. Winning People Persistent enhancement of the management team and work environment. 2. Winning Financials Aggressive focus on strengthening the balance sheet and cash flow. . Winning with Customers Relentless pursuit of cost competitiveness, quality and customer satisfaction. 4. Winning Innovations Growth through profitable innovative products, systems, software and customer relationships. 5. Winning Strategies Continuously reassess and improve our business strategies and portfolio. Motorola follow this market strategy to penetrate in the market With increasing competition and declining market share, Motorola announced a new five-year 2+3+3 strategy, in June 2002. The new strategy was announced by Tim Chen (Chen) who took over as president of Motorola China in 2002. +3+3 strategy – 2: to turn China into both a global production base and a R base of Motorola – 3: An a nnual output value of US$10B, a total investment of US$10B in China, and US$10B purchasing of accessories and services from China – 3: To lay emphasis on the development of digital trunking, semiconductors, and broadband Utilized joint-venture partners to focus on its expertise in developing and distributing cell phone technology and products This strategy aimed at strengthening the companys position in China as it had become a strategically important market for Motorola. Analysts reported that while Motorola experienced declining sales in the other markets across the world, in China, its sales were on the rise. According to company sources, Chinas share in Motorolas global revenues was increasing over the years Growth in Subscriber: 350 million subscribers is only 13. 9% penetration! Motorola Optimistic about Chinas Market strategy Although Motorola, worlds second largest mobile phone supplier, reported US$206 million of deficits in first quarter, its China branch is still optimistic about Chinas market. Ning Suyong, manager of public affairs office of Motorola (China) Electronics said that Motorolas deficits in the first quarter were for a slowdown of American economy and global recession of mobile phone and semiconductor market, and high costs of Motorola mobile phones. Motorola is now undergoing business re adjustment, it is not very possible for it to see desired effect. Demand for mobile phone and semiconductors in China’s market are considerable which is quite different from that in America. Chinas market may boast 100 million mobile phones this year. Recently, Motorola developed T189 mobile phones; it will continue this year to tap GPRS (2. 5 G) market which will bring a great commercial opportunity. Motorola produces different types of mobile phones. So far, it has set up 18 R centers in China with total expenditure on research and development coming up to 1. 3 billion yuan. Its dedication to research and development in China has indicated the importance of Chinas market. Motorola still ranks No. 1 by its market share in China. Last year, Its China branchs sales volume topped US $ 4 billion. With exports up to US $ 1. 643 billion, it paid a total of 4. 6 billion yuan in taxes, topping all foreign investors in China. 5. What should Motorola do in order to effectively cut cost in developing a low-priced mobile phone? Motorola’s Strategy Originally pursued a global marketing strategy in China. This strategy quickly met resistance and Motorola adjusted by changing to a more localized strategy. Localized Low Priced strategy included: ? Adapting models and software to meet specified local demands. ? Sourcing through local suppliers. Motorola Introduces Dirt-Cheap Cell Phone For Developing Countries The handsets, wholesale-priced at under $30, are targeted for markets such as India, China, South Africa, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Thailand, the Philippines, and Yemen. Motorola introduced the new models at the 3GSM World Congress in Singapore when the GSM Association revealed the company had again won the tender to supply handsets to operators in emerging countries. The phones are targeted for markets as diverse as India, South Africa, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Thailand, the Philippines, and Yemen. To get below US$30 per handset is a milestone achievement,† said Craig Ehrlich, chairman of the GSM Association, the trade group for the world’s GSM mobile operators. â€Å"(This) cements the formation of a whole new market segment for the mobile industry and will bring the benefits of mobile communications to a huge swathe of people in developing countries. † The GSM Association fueled discussion about handsets for emerging markets earlier this year when it announced that the sub-$40 Motorola C114 phone had won its tender for an estimated 6 million ultra low-cost handsets from eight operators. At the time, the GSMA said it would have a follow-on bid in September in an effort to attract more handset makers and cover more emerging markets. Although other handset makers made bids, such as China’s TCL Alcatel (NYSE: ALU) Mobile Phones Ltd. , the GSM Association decided Motorola’s low-cost platform best fit the needs of difficult to reach emerging market users. Conway said important factors were after-sales support, local service, brand presence and a choice of low-cost handset models, including an exclusive product, the C113a. Motorola submitted two handsets in its proposal the C113 and the C113a, which was specifically designed for the Emerging Market Handset program. The C113a offers talk times of up to 450 minutes and up to 330 hours of standby, reducing the need for frequent recharging. Motorola recently developed plans to release the F3 model on the Local market, which sells for between US$30 and US$50. The product isn’t yet available on the Chinese market, mainly because Motorola isn’t sure if Chinese consumers will accept the super-slim handset. But at the same time, the Motorola â€Å"Ming† PDA Smart Phone, which was released by Motorola’s R center in China, has been very popular on the mainland, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore and some other northern Asian regions. So popular, in fact, that it sold one million units in three months! Much of Motorola’s strength lies in the culture it has created. Technical innovations and open-mindedness are encouraged and, indeed, needed to ensure success. Motorola is willing to set up independent R institutions on the local market to support local demands. Like branches of other multinationals in China, Motorola’s facility is nothing special: employees compile programs in monotonous office blocks. Still, the company does have a few noticeable differences from other multinationals. One that immediately jumps out is its equal important status with the R center at Motorola’s headquarters. An exceedingly large number of multinational R institutions in China are focused on product localization based on their global platforms. Motorola, however, has taken a slightly different approach by unleashing its China R center and allowing it to operate independently. Knowing that consumer preference in the Chinese market is quite different from that in the U. S. market, Motorola started to localize its product development after the initial poor performance of pure â€Å"global† strategy. Now Motorola adapts its models to meet the specific demand from local markets rather than simply throw the current products into the market without any adjustment. The R center in China successfully developed software to show the menu in Chinese and input Chinese characters. In 1999, a combination PDA/phone, which was designed by Chinese engineers, was launched in China and spread to the US and European countries. Motorola’s localization strategy also includes local sourcing. The company takes initiative in establishing relationships with local suppliers. 7 years ago, 65% of components were imported, while 69% of components are purchased locally now. Local sourcing brings Motorola three major benefits: lowering manufacturing cost, reducing risks from currency fluctuation, and catering to Chinese government’s requirements. Motorola consists of three businesses low-priced model: Enterprise Mobility Solutions, Home Networks Mobility, and Mobile Devices. Enterprise Mobility Solutions This group includes the mission-critical communications offered by our government and public safety sectors and our enterprise mobility business. We design, manufacture, sell, install and service analog and digital two-way radio as well as voice and data communications products and systems. We deliver mobile computing, advanced data capture, wireless infrastructure and RFID solutions not only to clients in the public sector, but also to retail, manufacturing, wholesale distribution, healthcare, travel and transportation customers worldwide. Through innovative technology, we help people integrate, optimize and manage their networks to seamlessly stay connected as they move about their daily lives. Home Networks Mobility Operators today are being asked by their subscribers to deliver bandwidth-intensive, experience-based services - regardless of the network architecture. Motorola is uniquely positioned to capitalize on this trend, providing integrated, end-to-end systems that seamlessly and reliably enable uninterrupted access to digital entertainment, information and communications services over a variety of wired and wireless solutions. Motorola designs, manufactures, sells and services digital video system solutions and interactive set-top boxes; voice and data modems for digital subscriber line and cable networks; and, broadband access systems (including ellular infrastructure systems) for cable and satellite television operators, wireline carriers and wireless service providers. With these solutions, Motorola empowers consumers by connecting their homes - easily keeping contacts, content and services within reach. Mobile Devices As a pioneer in wireless communications, Motorola has transformed the cell phone into an icon of personal technology - an integral part of daily communications, data management and mobile entertainment. Motorola not only designs, manufactures, sells and services wireless handsets, but also licenses its vast portfolio of intellectual property. Our collection spans all cellular and wireless systems and includes integrated software applications as well as one a large complement of Bluetooth ®-enabled accessories. We offer customers innovative product designs that deliver must have experiences, such as mobile music and video - enabling seamless connectivity at work or at play.

Treasure of the Sierra Madres essays

Treasure of the Sierra Madres essays In Treasure of the Sierra Madres Humphrey Bogart plays Dobbs, an American cowboy in Mexico. He live on nothing, always borrowing money and doing odd jobs. He meets Curtin whom he befriends. They spend time working together and make some money. Finally the meet Howard, an old timer who knows a thing or two about prospecting. The three of them combine their money along with what Dobbs wins in the lottery, and decide to go and try their luck with prospecting. They hit it rich, but then the reality hits them along with greed and many suspicions. All three characters are affected differently. They all have their own way to handle the situation, and each other. At first Dobbs is the one saying That he only want a certain amount then would leave. In the end his greed costs him his life along with the sin of shooting to kill Curtin. Dobbs is overwhelmed by all the gold and goes crazy to keep it all for himself. He Doesnt win in the end. Curtin is a very down to earth character. He and Howard are the least affected characters. Curtin just goes along with however much they take. When Howard is called away by the Indians, he looks out for Howards goods. He is responsible and fair in his actions. He has great plans, realistic plans, for what to do with his gold. Unfortunately Because of his trying to protect howards gold, he loses his friendship with Dobbs and almost his life. He is saved and comes out okay. Howard is probably the least affected character. Because he has been around gold so much, he doesnt think much about the big find. He knows how people act around it and tells Dobbs and Curtin but Dobbs doesnt hear him. Howard has great plans for his money. He knows that Curtin is a good guy and trusts him to keep safe the gold and to give it to him later on. Howard and Curtin dont get their gold in the end because of Dobbs greed. After he runs ...

Abraham Lincoln and the Gettysburg Address

Abraham Lincoln and the Gettysburg Address Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address is one of the most quoted speeches in American history. The  text is brief, just three paragraphs amounting to less than 300 words. It only took Lincoln a few minutes to read it, but his words resonate to the present day. It’s unclear how much time Lincoln spent writing the speech, but analysis by scholars over the years indicates  that Lincoln used extreme care. It was a heartfelt and precise message he very much wanted to deliver at a moment of national crisis. The dedication of a cemetery at the site of the Civil Wars most pivotal battle was a solemn event. And when Lincoln was invited to speak, he recognized that the moment required him to make a major statement. Lincoln Intended a Major Statement The Battle of Gettysburg had taken place in rural Pennsylvania for the first three days of July in 1863. Thousands of men, both Union and Confederate, had been killed. The magnitude of the battle stunned the nation. As the summer of 1863 turned into fall, the Civil War entered a fairly slow period with no major battles being fought. Lincoln, very concerned that the nation was growing weary of a long and very costly war, was thinking of making a public statement affirming the country’s need to continue fighting. Immediately following the Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg in July, Lincoln had said the occasion called for a speech but he was not yet prepared to give one equal to the occasion. And even before the Battle of Gettysburg, famed newspaper editor, Horace Greeley had written to Lincoln’s secretary John Nicolay in late June 1863 to urge Lincoln to write a letter on the â€Å"causes of the war and the necessary conditions of peace.† Lincoln Accepted an Invitation to Speak at Gettysburg At that time, presidents did not often have the opportunity to give speeches. But the opportunity for Lincoln to express his thoughts on the war appeared in November. Thousands of Union dead at Gettysburg had been hastily buried after the battle months earlier and were finally being properly reburied. A ceremony was to be held to dedicate the new cemetery and Lincoln was invited to offer remarks. The main speaker at the ceremony was to be Edward Everett, a distinguished New Englander who had been a U.S. Senator, Secretary of State, and president of Harvard College as well as a professor of Greek. Everett, who was famed for his orations, would talk at length about the great battle the previous summer. Lincoln’s remarks were always intended to be far briefer. His role would be to provide a proper and elegant closing to the ceremony. How the Speech Was Written Lincoln approached the task of writing the speech seriously. But unlike his speech at Cooper Union nearly four years earlier, he did not need to undertake extensive research. His thoughts about how the war was being fought for a just cause had already been set firmly in his mind. A persistent myth is that Lincoln wrote the speech on the back of an envelope while riding the train to Gettysburg, as he didn’t think the speech was anything serious. The opposite is true. A draft of the speech had been written by Lincoln in the White House. And it’s known that he also refined the speech the night before he delivered it, at the house where he spent the night in Gettysburg. Lincoln put considerable care into what he was about to say. November 19, 1863, the Day of the Gettysburg Address Another common myth about the ceremony at Gettysburg is that Lincoln was only invited as an afterthought and that the brief address he gave was nearly overlooked at the time. In fact, Lincoln’s involvement was always considered a vital part of the program, and the letter inviting him to participate makes that evident. The official invitation explained to Lincoln that the idea was always to have a featured orator and that it would be meaningful for the chief executive to then offer remarks. David Willis, a local attorney who was organizing the event, wrote: It is the desire that, after the Oration, you, as Chief Executive of the Nation, formally set apart these grounds to their Sacred use by a few appropriate remarks. It will be a source of great gratification to the many widows and orphans that have been made almost friendless by the Great Battle here, to have you here personally; and it will kindle anew in the breasts of the Comrades of these brave dead, who are now in the tented field or nobly meeting the foe in the front, a confidence that they who sleep in death on the Battle Field are not forgotten by those highest in Authority; and they will feel that, should their fate be the same, their remains will not be uncared for. The program that day began with a procession from the town of Gettysburg to the site of the new cemetery. Abraham Lincoln, in a new black suit, white gloves, and stovepipe hat, rode a horse in the procession, which also contained four military bands and other dignitaries on horseback. During the ceremony, Edward Everett spoke for two hours, delivering a detailed account of the great battle which had been fought on the ground four months earlier. Crowds at that time expected long orations, and Everett’s was well received. As Lincoln rose to give his address, the crowd listened intently. Some accounts describe the crowd applauding at points in the speech, so it seems that it was well-received. The brevity of the speech may have surprised some, but it seems that those who heard the speech realized they had witnessed something important. Newspapers carried accounts of the speech and it began to be praised throughout the north. Edward Everett arranged for his oration and Lincoln’s speech to be published in early 1864 as a book (which also included other material related to the ceremony on November 19, 1863). What Was the Purpose of the Gettysburg Address? In the famous opening words, Four score and seven years ago, Lincoln does not refer to the United States Constitution, but to the Declaration of Independence. That is important, as Lincoln was invoking Jeffersons phrase that all men are created equal as being central to the American government. In Lincolns view, the Constitution was an imperfect and always evolving document. And it had, in its original form, established the legality of slavery. By invoking the earlier document, the Declaration of Independence, Lincoln was able to make his argument about equality, and the purpose of the war being a new birth of freedom. Legacy of the Gettysburg Address The text of the Gettysburg address was widely circulated following the event at Gettysburg, and with Lincolns assassination less than a year and a half later, Lincolns words began to assume iconic status. It has never fallen out of favor and has been reprinted countless times. When President-elect Barack Obama spoke on election night, November 4, 2008, he quoted from the Gettysburg Address. And a phrase from the speech, A New Birth of Freedom, was adopted as the theme of his inaugural celebrations in January 2009. Of the People, By the People, and For the People Lincolns lines at the conclusion, that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the Earth has been extensively quoted and cited as the essence of the American system of government. Sources Everett, Edward. Address of Hon. Edward Everett, at the Consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, 19Th November, 1863: With the Dedicatory Speech of ... by an Account of the Origin of the Under. Abraham Lincoln, Paperback, Ulan Press, August 31, 2012. Santoro, Nicholas J. Malvern Hill, Run Up To Gettysburg: The Tragic Struggle. Paperback, iUniverse, July 23, 2014. Willis, David. Gettysburg Address: The Formal Invitation. Library of Congress, November 2, 1863.