Sibling Comparison of Everyday Use Essay Example for Free

Sibling Comparison of Everyday Use Essay Sibling Similar Differences â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker tells a story of a mother who narrators the visit of her daughter from college and the conflict between her two daughters. The mother, named Mrs. Johnson, gives descriptions of her daughters’, Dee and Maggie, personality and looks, and each daughter description is opposite of each other. Additionally, Mrs. Johnson describes each daughter’s education level, which also differs. The only hidden similarity between these two sisters is the fact each one of them lacks confidence. Dee’s lack of confidence is more implicit, while Maggie’s lack of confidence is explicit. By doing this, Walker has the mother to develop a contrast between the sisters’ personality, appearance, and education, but forms a similarity from each sister’s lack of confidence. Mrs. Johnson first reveals the differences between Dee’s and Maggie’s looks and personality. Mrs. Johnson states, â€Å"Dee is lighter than Maggie, with nicer hair and a full figure† (paragraph 10). This comparison of the two sister show that Mrs. Johnson favors Dee’s lighter skin tone, grade of hair and body shape over her other daughter Maggie. Moreover, Mrs. John describes Dee’s foot as â€Å"neat looking, as if God himself had shaped them with a certain style† (paragraph19). Mrs. Johnson statement makes it more evident that she praises Dee’s appearance more by including God more so in Dee’s creation and never mentions it for Maggie’s creation. By her favoring the overall look of Dee causes her daughter to feel more deserving of nicer things and seemingly more confident than Maggie. However, this pedestal that Mrs. Johnson put Dee on, makes Dee feel superior to her family that causes Dee to reject her heritage and upbringing. Contrary to Dee’s look and personality, Maggie is described to be less appealing and confident. Mrs. Johnson portrays Maggie to be â€Å"thin† (paragraph 7) and that â€Å"good looks†¦passed her by† (paragraph 13). This portrait of Maggie is insulting for a mother to say and exposes Mrs. Johnson favoritism. Additionally, she compares Maggie’s walk to that of a hit dog, showing that she prefer the overall look of Maggie. Mrs. Johnson then describes Maggie to always be â€Å"chin on chest, eyes on the ground, feet in shuffle†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (paragraph 9). This description shows that Maggie lacks confidence to the point that she feels lower than people, especially her sister, and undeserving of things unlike her sister. The major contrast between the sisters is their education level. Dee is the sister that goes to college and seems to better herself, while Maggie stays at home and mostly taught about things from her heritage. Dee is said to â€Å"read without pity† and â€Å"force† (paragraph 11) unwanted knowledge unto her family. Dee believes that this knowledge makes her higher than her family that creates a separation between her and her family. Also by gaining this knowledge she is looking for an outside life and not that of her mother and sister. In order to do this she feels as though she must change her name. While Maggie, on the other hand, does not receive the same education, but instead take on her mother ways and lack in education. Maggie reading is described as choppy with stumbling. In addition, Mrs. Johnson makes it know that Maggie â€Å"is not bright† (paragraph 13) revealing that Maggie is uneducated. Maggie is less educated than Dee because their mother pushed education more on Dee. The reason Mrs. Johnson emphasis education more on Dee is because she felt that Dee was more suited for that high level life, more so than Maggie. Maggie’s lack of education causes her to accept her home life, stifling her from ever experiencing the outside world beyond their mother’s yard. Walker may have set this educational difference up to show the dangerous that too much knowledge can lead to alienation, while the dangers of too little of an education can suppress a person’s fulfillment, which these two sister show. Even with all these difference, both sisters share one ultimate similarity of lacking confidence in some aspect of life. Maggie is seen in the forefront within her personality. Maggie is seen as shy and timid because of lifelong comparison to her sister that causes her not to feel worthless. Additionally, the scars she receives from the fire enhanced her lack of self confidence making her want to hide in the shadows. Similar to her sister, Dee shockingly lacks in confidence. Unlike Maggie, Dee does not seem to be lacking in self-confidence.

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives Kareem Canty Introduction The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) is an agency within the United States Department of Justice. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives protects American citizens from dangerous and illegal activities involving, as its name suggest, alcohol, tobacco, firearms and explosives.â€Å" The mission of The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives is to conduct criminal investigations, regulate the firearms and explosives industries, and assist other law enforcement agencies. This work is undertaken to prevent terrorism, reduce violent crime and to protect the public in a manner that is faithful to the Constitution and the laws of the United States (The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives). Though The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives is a law enforcement agency one of the primary responsibilities is tax collection. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives is responsible for taxes on alcoh ol, tobacco, ammunition, and firearms. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives is an important agency protecting Americans. History of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives has been the sole agency responsible for regulation and taxation of the above mention categories since July 1st 1972. However, some of the duties of The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives have existed in some form in the United States since 1789. Initially, these activities were performed by the Department of Treasury. On July 1st 1862, the Office of Internal Revenue was founded. This new agency was now responsible for all taxes, including those on alcohol and tobacco. The Office of Internal Revenue included enforcement agents to pursue those who evaded taxes. In 1919, the Volstead Prohibition Enforcement Act and the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution made it illegal to produce or transport alcohol. Enforcement of these policies fell on the Office of Internal Revenue. In 1920, the Prohibition Unit was created. This agency was made up of the agents focusing on liquor laws. On April 1st, 1927 the Prohibition Unit officially became a bureau under the Treasury Department. Congress established a new Bureau of Prohibition under the Department of Justice in 1930. This new bureau was now responsible for enforcing Prohibition. Then, the Treasury Department was still responsible for the tax and regulations associated with Prohibition, under the new Bureau of Industrial Alcohol. In December 1933, the Twenty First Amendment to the Constitution ended Prohibition. Shortly after, President Roosevelt created, via executive order, the Federal Alcohol Control Administration to regulate the newly legal industry. This agency was replaced in less than two years by the Federal Alcohol Administration (FAA). The FAA was founded as part of the Treasury Department, who was again responsible for supervising the alcohol industry. In 1934 the Alcohol Tax Unit was founded as part of the Bureau Of Internal Revenue. The FAA combined with the Alcohol Tax Unit. Prohibition, though over, resulted in a lasting culture of organized crime. Due to the violence resulting from organized crime, the National Firearms Act was passed in 1934 and the Federal Firearms Act passed in 1938. These Acts regulated firearms, largely via taxes. In 1942, the enforcement capacity of firearm regulation was entrusted to the Alcohol Tax Unit. Around this time, the ATU became known as the Alcohol Tax Division until the 1968 Gun Control Act. With this act, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives was now responsible for additional substances, including explosives. In July 1972, the Treasury Department Order NO.120-1 officially shifted all activities involving alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and explosives from the Internal Revenue Services to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives After over one hundred years of restructuring, The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives has finally achieved stability in its structure and its dut ies. One major change the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives has undergone was its adoption of anti- arson enforcement. In 1982, congress amended the original legislation that outlines the duties of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives to include arson. Since the 1970s the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives has grown both its budget and its staff. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives has added over a thousand employee positions. Since 1973, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives budget has increased from $74 million to $1.07 billion (The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives). Budget In 2013 the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives total budget was $1,153,345,000. This budget covers The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives staff, operations, and programs. Though the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives collects taxes, that money does not found The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives activities. From the years 2007-2011, the ATF collected over $112 million. This money is turned over to the Treasury Department General fund. The funding from The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives comes from federal government. Before each fiscal year, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives submits a budget draft to congress. The draft includes information about the allocation and purposes of their requested funding. Congress edits and revises the budget as they see appropriate and then grants the funding to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. This budget includes salar ies of The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives 4,937 staff employees (The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, 2012). International Partners Though The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives is responsible for enforcing laws in the United States, they also work along international organizations. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives works international to investigate and prosecute international crime. Some examples of these organizations include the United Nations, Interpol, and the G8. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives has field offices in several other countries. They work alongside law enforcement, government officials, and policy makers in these countries. For example, The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives has offices in Canada, Mexico, Europe, Colombia, El Salvador, and the Caribbean. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives has the most offices in Mexico, with five field offices in the country. Domestic Partners Since its beginning, The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives has worked closely with multiple other governmental agencies. Early on, The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives worked with the Treasury Department and the now nonexistent Federal Alcohol Administration. Today the bureau works closely with state and local law enforcement. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives works with state and local law enforcement to implement laws and regulations, as well as to locate and prosecute those who break these laws. Also, the ATF’S leaders work with Congress on evaluation and budgetary matters. In â€Å"The American System† by Morton Godzins, the American government is described as very chaotic. Godzins discusses how multiple branches and agencies of government often overlap in function. He writes that successful collaboration requires agencies to openly communicate. To describe the intermingled functions of government, Godzin uses the analogy of a marble cake. This image illustrates the mixing of government functions as chaotic and unordered (Shafritz and Hyde, 2011). THE BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO, FIREARMS AND EXPLOSIVES Today The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives today serves the same purposes as it did when it was founded. Their scope has grown to include numerous activities that are relevant to their purpose. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives organizes its activities into ten core functions. These functions include original objectives, such as alcohol and tobacco, the criminal firearm usage and trafficking and regulation of the firearms industry. In the 1970s, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives began including explosives, bombs, bombing, and the explosive industry in their responsibilities. As previously mentioned, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives began to investigate Arson in the 1980s, adding it to their core functions. The three remaining functions are more recent additions. The first of these additions is a focus on criminal groups and gangs. This activity is closely a lined with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firea rms and Explosives’ mission and values as criminal activity often involves the usage, purchase, or trade of the materials regulated by the bureau. The final two functions involve management activities and are also included in the strategic goals of The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. These functions involve the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives’ workforce and modernization. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives is constantly seeking to maintain and build a highly skilled staff. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives seeks a diverse and talented employee base. The final function, modernization, is a focus of many government agencies today. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives aims to improve upon its technological skills in order to remain effective and relevant in todays world. Strategic Goals In 2010, The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives published its strategic goals for 2010-2016. Four of the six goals focused on activities relating to the mission of. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives These goals involve illegal firearms trafficking, criminal groups and gangs, explosives and bombings, and fire and arson. The remaining goals involved management activities. Those goals relate to work force and modernization. Over the past four years the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives has implemented changes where needed in order to meet these goals. All of these goals contribute to The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives vision, â€Å"We protect America. We protect your community.†(The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives) The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives two management activities, modernization and work force seek to improve the internal operations of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. Their modernization goal consists of modernizing business activities. This goal also involves updating procedures for information sharing and knowledge management. Finally, this goal also seeks the implementation of more innovative technology. The second management goal of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives attempts to improve its work force by attracting, developing, and retaining a strong work force. Both of these goals aim to keep the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives operating at its full potential. Victim/Witness Assistance Program Since the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives focuses on illegal activities, the agency frequently interacts with victims. In order to guarantee victims receive their rights as specified in the Crime Victim Rights section of Federal Law 18 United States Code, Section 3771, The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives established its Victim /Witness Assistance Program in 1999. This program enables the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives to provide victims with various types of support. The Victim/ Witness Assistance Program ensures victims’ safety, as well as providing them with other resources. These resources include, but are not limited to, on financial assistance, recovery of property, and referrals to other relevant support agencies. These support agencies can provide services such as emergency housing, counseling, and support groups. The Victim/Witness Assistance Program is implemented by twenty three Victim/Witness Coordinators. These officers can be found in each of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives field divisions located the across the country. These coordinators work closely with the United States Attorney’s Office, which has its own Victim Witness Coordinators. The Victim/Witness Assistance Program also works with the previously mentioned support agencies. These agencies can be located at both state and local levels. The program Coordinators also worked closely with local law enforcement agencies, especially concerning the safety of victims. While I found no criticism of the Victim/Witness Program, I also found no praise of the program. There seems to be little information available from other sources about this program. This is most likely due to the fact that the program is largely confidential and is only experienced by those who truly need its services, victim irrelevant crime. Conclusion The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives exists in order to protect American citizens and to keep their activities in line with the law. The bureau enforces laws and regulations intended to keep Americans safe. They are responsible for regulating the manufacture and trade of weapons and explosives and for controlling and preventing drug trade. Without The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, the United States government would have a very difficult time regulating these trades and enforcing these policies. Bibliography â€Å"Congressional Budget Submission: Fiscal Year 2013,† The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, accessed October 20, 2014 https://www.atf.gov/sites/default/files/assets/budget/2013-atf â€Å"Fact Sheet: ATF Staffing and Budgeting,† The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, accessed October 20, 2014 https://www.The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives.gov/publications/factsheets/factsheet-staffing-and-budget.html Shafritz, Jay M. and Albert C. Hyde. Classics Of Public Administration, Seventh Edition. (Boston: Cengage Learning, 2011). Shafritz, Jay M.,E.W. Russell, and Christopher P. Borick. Introducing Public Administration, Eight Edition. (Boston: Pearson Education, Inc., 2013). â€Å"2004-2009 Strategic Plan,† The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, accessed October 15, 2014, https Explosives.gov/files/publications/download/sp/2004-2009/2004-2009-strategic-plan-vision-mission.pdf

David Levinsons Seasons of A Mans Life :: Psychology Levinson Males Essays

David Levinson's Seasons of A Man's Life Introduction Background In May of 1977, Daniel Levinson constructed a model of the seasons of a man's life. His developmental theory consists of universal stages or phases that extends from the infancy state to the elderly state. Most development theories, such as Freud's psychosexual development theory or Piaget's cognitive development theory, end in the adolescent stage of life. Levinson's stage theory is important because it goes beyond most theories assuming that development continues throughout adult life. Levinson based his model on biographical interviews of 40 American men. These 40 men were between 35 to 45 years in age and they worked as either biology professors, novelists, business executives or industrial laborers. The biographical interviews lasted one or two hours and ranged from six to ten interviews for each subject. The questions asked focused on the subject's life accounts in their post adolescent years. The interviews focused on topics such as the men's background (education, religion, political beliefs) and major events or turning points in their lives. Levinson's concept of life structure (the men's socio-cultural world, their participation in their world and various aspects of themselves) is the major component in Levinson's theory. The life structure for each person evolves through the developmental stages as people's age. Two key concepts in Levinson's model are the stable period and the transitional period in a person's development. The stable period is the time when a person makes crucial choices in life, builds a life structure around the choices and seeks goals within the structure. The transitional period is the end of a person's stage and the beginning of a new stage. Levinson's model contains five main stages. They are the pre-adulthood stage (age 0 - 22), the early adulthood stage (age 17 - 45), the middle adult stage (age 40 - 65), the late adulthood stage (age 60 - 85) and the late late adult stage (age 80 plus). Levinson states "the shift from one era to the next is a massive development step and require transitional period of several years."(Levinson, 1977) This would explain why there is an overlap in each of these stages. Levinson's first adult stage in his model is called the Early Adult Transition Period. This phase is similar to Erikson's psychological theory in that both concern the young adult's identity crisis or role confusion. It is during this phase that the young adult first gains independence (financial or otherwise) and leaves the home. This is a transitional stage because it marks the end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood. The second stage would be a stable period because it marks the time

My Educational Philosophy :: Philosophy of Education Teaching

My Educational Philosophy ABC†¦123†¦, think about all the times throughout the day that the use of something as simple as the ABC’s and the 123’s. Who was it that teaches those things that we deem as so simple now? It was teachers, all through out school they teach children not only the basics like reading writing and arithmetic, but they also teach how to grow up and be a functioning person in the complex world that is all around. In this paper I will explain why I want to teach, the philosophies that I plan to use and my educational goals. Many people in the teacher education program have known all their lives that they wanted to teach, but not me. I have changed my mind numerous times and each time the reason is because I can’t imagine myself doing that given profession for the rest of my life. However, I had never actually considered teaching until the summer before my senior year. I got the opportunity to volunteer at a local day care center and work with children from the ages of 3 months through 12 years. It is that summer that completely changed my mind on what I wanted to do the rest of my life. The first reason that I decided that I want to teach is for the simple fact of getting to shape young minds and change lives. The influence that teachers have over their pupils is amazing, I can remember all of my teachers individually and how many people do you meet and can remember them 12 or 13 years later? It is not only an awesome opportunity is an enormous responsibility, one that I am excited and also a little scared about taking on. Not only do teachers teach children, they also have an influence on the parents that they come in contact with. Getting the parents involved is a vital part of teaching, if you can get the parents excited about the child’s learning then they will encourage the child. In the elementary years children tend to look towards their parents and react in the same ways they do about situations that they encounter. Having the parents involved not only gives the children encouragement, teachers can change the ways that parents do things. If the child’s parent didn’t have guidance as children then they probably don’t know how to encourage and guide their own children, but teachers can change all that by keeping them involved and interested.

Case analysis of Big Pharma’s Marketing Tactics Essay

Understanding Big Pharma: The US Pharmaceutical industry is the 2nd most profitable industry in the country. The nature of the industry follows an oligopoly form; with the big players yield much influence, hence lending to its name, â€Å"Big Pharma†. By 2010, Big Pharma has a staggering 526 lobbyists and gives an estimated $19 billion worth of gifts to physicians annually. Understanding Business ethics: The definition of ethics is given by as follows, â€Å"Ethics are moral principles that govern a person’s behavior or the conducting of an activity.† (Lawrence & Webber, 2008) Basically, they are the issues of identifying right and wrong in our daily life, serving as a moral compass. Then what are business ethics? Business ethics is the application of general ethical ideas towards business behavior (Lawrence & Webber, 2008). Due to the diversity in the modern world, different organizations and industries have different perspectives towards business ethics. Hence, with respect to business ethics, this report will review the application and implication in Big Pharma’s marketing tactics. Understanding the stakeholders of Pharmaceutical industry: 1. Consumers. They will be directly affected by the marketing practices by Big Pharma, as the immediate users of its products. Usually, consumers have a strong voice in determining the companies’ profits. However, it is different in the pharmaceutical landscape, due to their expertise in its product knowledge. As such, consumers are often at the losing end. 2. Community With the pharmaceutical being a burgeoning industry in the society, concerns from public will naturally grow. Based on a recent poll, public perceptions towards Big Pharma are largely negative, indicating their low level of trustworthiness. Consumers, which form part of the community, can also be represented through interest groups or watchdogs. 3. Industry representatives In the case of Big Pharma, it is common to find lobbyists working on their behalf to safeguard their business interests, specifically towards the government. By gathering a huge lobbying force, Big Pharma has consolidated their influence within and beyond the industry. A testament of their effectiveness would be their repeated ability to defeat attempts to restrict drug marketing. 4. Government & Regulators The pharmaceutical industry is one that can potentially affect the lives of general public, thus the government has taken a heightened interest in it. Therefore, they have tried to balance the interest of the society by having an agency, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which regulates the legality of drugs produced. On a legislative level, the government also attempts to tighten the business conducts by Big Pharma by passing bills and laws. 5. Media The range of media tools in today’s world can serve as a double-edged sword for Big Pharma. At one end, the controversial marketing practices by Big Pharma provides fodder for magazines and newspaper for reporting purposes, contributing to a negative public image. On the other end, Big Pharma has regularly tapped into media to advertise their products such as the TV advertisements by Novartis to market Lamisil, an overrated drug. 6. Intermediaries This consists of medical students and physicians, which is seen as the â€Å"middleman† in the pharmaceutical industry. Hence, they form a crucial link between Big Pharma and its consumers. It is no surprise that Big Pharma would spend a great deal of time and money on them. In other words, getting a tight grip on them would mean business to Big Pharma indirectly. 7. Stockholders & Investors The primary concern of stockholders is the profitability of their respective companies. At times, they are also concerned with its’ reputation. Since the marketing practices by Big Pharma have been a contentious issue, this is an aspect that they might want to exercise their opinions. 8. Employees At one glance, the employees working for Big Pharma do not seem to be influential stakeholders, as they do not have much say in the running of the company. However, an ethical dilemma might happen if their ethical principles do not fall in line with those of Big Pharma. This will possibly result in the scenario of whistle blowing. Ethical issue #1: Direct to consumer (DTC) marketing: â€Å"Salesmanship v Science?† As with any business organization, the primary objective of Big Pharma is to maximize profits based on their product offerings. However, here lies an ethical question, â€Å"To what extent should Big Pharma achieve their business objectives at the expense of its consumers?† The answers to this question are definitely debatable, however an answer is certain, that various business models in different industries would have opposing measurement scales in this regard. In the case of pharmaceutical industry, it is very costly to produce an approved drug for sale. Firstly, much of R&D expenditure dollars will be wasted in the early stages of research, as it is not easy to find the cure for medical ailments immediately. Secondly, the formulated drug has to go through clinical trials before the regulatory agencies (i.e.: FDA) decide to approve it, which can be a lengthy process. Hence, the only way for companies to recoup their expenditure is through an aggressive brand of marketing of the approved drugs, with Big Pharma leading the way. Then, what are acceptable marketing practices by Big Pharma that is acceptable within ethical reasoning? The nature of this industry is that it holds a noble responsibility to inform and educate its consumers about the kind of drugs that will contribute to the health of mankind. Therefore, marketing is more than maximizing profits, as consumers lack expert knowledge on drugs. Presently, the marketing tactics by Big Pharma is disappointing by ethical standards. Take the Novartis TV advertisements for its drug; Lamisil, for instance. Despite the hype in its advertisement, the focus was not on the intended use of the product. In fact, the drug is used to treat toenail fungus, a non-serious ailment. Therefore, it is surprising to note that the product was 4th best selling drug in its shelves, thus showing a lack of understanding on the consumer’s part. This shows the miscommunication between Big Pharma and its consumers. Furthermore, Big Pharma aggressive marketing escalates this situation. This can be explained by their belief that spending more marketing dollars will generate more revenue to cover its expenditure. This is definitely not fair and ethical to its consumers, who should make an informed decision when purchasing a product, especially a drug. Therefore, taking into consideration the business model of Big Pharma, the general rule is that DTC marketing, consumers should always make known the imperatives of the drug (e.g.: users, side effects) first, above anything else. This point is also supported by s3(9) Singapore Association of Pharmaceutical Industries (SAPI) code of marketing practices, which states, â€Å"†¦all such information should be accurate, fair and not misleading†. In doing so, it will avoid the current scenario where Big Pharma has caused a knowledge handicap on its consumers, an ethical misconduct. Ethical issue #2: Intermediaries outreach: More than just promotional tools and gifts? Another avenue for Big Pharma to maximize its profits is through its spokespersons of their product offerings; the intermediaries. Hence, it is important to maintain a close relationship with them. But, how should Big Pharma conduct when it comes to giving gifts to this group of stakeholders? On the surface, the promotional tools such as pens and notepads given to medical students do not seem excessive in value. However, by doing this on a constant basis, it can be seen as a marketing ploy by Big Pharma to slowly pressure them into gaining acceptance. The readily acceptance of the gifts is due to the overarching monetary influence of Big Pharma has upon the industry. This ingrains the wrong ethical values in them, as they might perceive that accepting gifts from Big Pharma is an industry norm. As reflected in the case, this has a profound effect on them as many who go on to become physicians have cultivated an industry-wide behavior of accepting larger and controversial gifts from Big Pharma, leading to more ethical debates. Through making more inroads with the impact of its gifts, it slowly allows Big Pharma to exert more influence on them and it becomes harder for physicians to say no to them. As such, physicians are faced with an ethical dilemma, which is the conflict of interest between self-interests and patient’s welfare. The job of physicians should be prescribing the most appropriate medicines to the best interest of its patients. However, this line of opinion has been blurred by the influence Big Pharma has over them, thus at times physicians have no choice but to prescribe the medicines based on its links with Big Pharma. This ethical dilemma can be well reflected in the case of Pfizer, where physicians were induced by lavish sponsorship for personal expenditures to prescribe Neurontin for the cure of maladies, which was not approved by FDA. Henceforth, if physicians were to adopt the approach of whistle blowing, they might face the possibility of losing the financial incentives they have been receiving, and this can be a rude awakening for them. Based on business grounds, the need for Big Pharma to reach out to the intermediaries is understandable and reasonable, but the morality and monetary values of such gifts has come into question. While gifts such as sponsorships and free lunches appear to be normal, there are several others that involve serious allegations of ethical misconduct such as improper payments and kickbacks. Clearly, this is not in line with the marketing practices set by SAPI. As stated in section 6(1), â€Å"no gifts or financial inducement should be offered to healthcare professions for the purpose of sales promotions†. It also states the following as well, â€Å"Payments in cash or cash equivalents must not be offered to healthcare professionals either directly or indirectly†. Looking at the outreach conducted by Big Pharma, it is clear that their intention is to leverage on their financial power to exert undue influence upon the intermediaries for its own business gains. Therefore, this aspect of outreach should be curb to provide a fair state of mind for the intermediaries in order for them to make an equitable decision for their patients, not losing the high level of trust and integrity that is placed upon them. Ethical issue #3: Violation of legal principles and responsibilities The pharmaceutical industry has been plagued with the issue of violating its legal obligations, but does such acts constitute an unethical business behavior? In order to understand this, it is important to consider the relationship between laws and ethics. Laws are attempts made by the government to formally regulate the proper behavior in different spectrum of life. (Lawrence & Webber, 2008) Whereas ethics are guidelines to what is right and wrong. As such, ethics cannot be laws and it merely offers to cover the aspect the laws do not explicitly apply. The following is a non-exhaustive list of examples on how Big Pharma has flout its legal responsibilities, as stated by the case: * Medicaid program: lists false wholesale prices in order to obtain more dollars for its drugs from the U.S government * Illegally promoting drugs that are not ready for approval for public consumption through its physicians * Alleged cases of covering up the negative results from clinical trials for various drugs such as Paxil and Avandia. * Questionable marketing of drugs which involves giving improper payments and bribes * Repeated offences of the abovementioned and other similar crimes From the given examples, three inferences can be drawn with regards to ethical reasoning. Firstly, it can be inferred that the motivations by Big Pharma to commit such white-collar crimes is purely based on business grounds, leveraging on this to gain excessive profits. It is hard to give an alternative explanation to this, as all of these crimes committed by Big Pharma seem to have a strong business element to it. Secondly, it is apparent these crimes will adversely affect two of its most important group of stakeholders; consumers and intermediaries. The severity of these crimes is lethal, especially the non-disclosure of vital information of drugs by Big Pharma at the expense of generating sales revenue. This is scandalous and places the consumers’ health at stake. Last, but not least, it is clear that Big Pharma is intentionally flouting its legal responsibilities, which is the most blatant of all. This allows Big Pharma to achieve its business objectives and the fine that they received as a result, is a small price to pay. This can be seen by their willingness (i.e.: Pfizer, Schering-Plough) to pay up the fines. Therefore, from an ethical perspective, the breaking of law by Big Pharma does not justify its means to the end of generating profits when they are constantly putting their business interests first as opposed to those of its consumers and other stakeholders. Assessment of Big Pharma’s marketing tactics with business ethics The general idea of Big Pharma’s marketing tactics is that it has aligned its marketing tactics to be profit-centric and the rest of the key performance indicators (KPI) such as consumer satisfaction and quality control matters for little. Due to the overwhelming influence Big Pharma has upon the industry; they often ignore the primary interests of their stakeholders, specifically consumers and intermediaries. Their disregard for the law as well as the interests of the stakeholders has placed themselves in a negative light in the eyes of the public, which is why most people called Big Pharma as a group of pharmaceutical companies that is shifty and greedy. Such reputation does not make good PR headlines yet the marketing practices by Big Pharma has generate tons of profits for them, which possibly explains their nonchalance about it. However, a word of caution is the power of consumers should not be underestimated and it is not known how long more they will tolerate such aggressive marketing tactics. As such, Big Pharma is potentially facing a consumer backlash and might affect their profits. As the saying goes, â€Å"Short-term gain, long-term pain†. In conclusion, with reference to the application and implication of Big Pharma’s marketing tactics, they exhibit poor business ethics and do not actively inculcate ethical values into their marketing practices and channels since they believe it is pointless to do anything that does not generate revenues and profits in return immediately. References: 1. Lawrence & Webber (2008), Business & Society (12th edition), McGraw Hill International Edition, Page 27 (Stakeholders), 90 (Ethics & Business Ethics), 107 (Whistle-blowing), 117-119 (Marketing Ethics), 130-131 (Ethics & Laws) 2. SAPI code of marketing practices, http://www.sapi.org.sg/mktg.htm, accessed from Feb 6 2012. 3. â€Å"Drugs: Why drugs costs so much?† MedicineNet, http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=18892, accessed from Feb 6 2012. 4. â€Å"Big Pharma Spends More on Advertising Than Research and Development, Study Finds.† Science Daily (January 2008), http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080105140107.htm, accessed from Feb 6 2012. 5. â€Å"Pharmaceutical Fraud: How Big Pharma’s Marketing and Profits Come before Consumer Safety and Wellness.† Naturalnews. http://www.naturalnews.com/z020345.html, accessed from Feb 7 2012. 6. â€Å"Pfizer Broke the Law by Promoting Dugs for Unapproved Uses,† Bloomberg (November 2009), http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a4yV1nYxCGoA, accessed from Feb 7 2012 7. Pharmaceutical industry, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry, accessed from Feb 8 2012. 8. Pharmaceutical marketing, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_marketing, accessed from Feb 8 2012.

Appearance of Pre-Hispanic Filipinos

Clothing The natives of the Philippine islands already wore different types of clothing and ornaments before the arrival of Spanish colonizers. The men usually wore short-sleeved, collarless jackets that reached just below the waste. The jackets were also symbols of their status in the community. The chief usually wore red, for example. The bahag was worn for the lower part. It is a strip of cloth wrapped around the waist which passes between the things, leaving the thighs and legs exposed. A head gear or a putong is a piece of cloth wrapped around the head.This is also important like the color of the jacket. A red putong meant that the wearer has already gone to war and killed an enemy. An embroidered putong meant that the wearer has killed at least seven enemies. Adornments such as necklaces, armlets or kalombiga, anklets, earrings and rings were also worn. These were usually made of gold and other precious stones. Women also wore sleeved jackets called baro and skirts called saya or patadyong. Women fancied wearing ornaments as well such as gem-studded bracelets, necklaces, earrings, and rings.Tattoos Tattoos played an important part in the appearance of pre-Hispanic Filipinos both for the men and women. Tattoos were considered to be the equivalent of medals, one had to work for and earn it. The more tattoos a person had, the more impressive was his or her war record. The Visayas was known to be the Islas del Pintados or Islands of the Painted People because it was the there that the early Spanish colonizers observed very tattooed people and Spanish writers referred to them as the pintados, meaning â€Å"painted†.

Article Review The Black Death - 962 Words

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Right off the bat, Atlas goes into a very profound analysis by stating thi s quote, â€Å" Might all of the changes brought by the plagues have profoundly reshaped the European world and set in motion a sense of having succeeded too well and needing some cleansing.† With this statement Mr. Atlas is acknowledging the presumptive status that the plagues that drove Europe’s population down by a considerable amount, which led to the reformation and later to the renaissance. Not to say that was Atlas’ main thesis, but a buzzing detail that refused to be ignored and flauntedShow MoreRelatedInfant Mortality And Birth Mortality1394 Words   |  6 PagesMcKenzie and Pinger define infant mortality as death prior to 1 year of age. It is expressed as the number of deaths per 1,000 live births. Leading causes of infant mortality are: congenital malformation, preterm/low birth weight, complications during pregnancy and accidents. 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Quotes From A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens

A Tale of Two Cities is a dense classic, often studied in classrooms. Charles Dickens published the work late in his career as a popular novelist in Victorian England. The backdrop of A Tale of Two Cities is the French Revolution; and a whole myriad of colorful characters are in attendance (as is usual for the works of Charles Dickens). Here are a few quotes from the literary master. Quotes from Book 1 It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way--in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.- Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 1, Chapter 1Jerry, say that my answer was, RECALLED TO LIFE.- Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 1, Chapter 2Eighteen years! Gracious Creator of day! To be buried alive for eighteen years!- Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 1, Chapter 3She had laid her head upon my shoulder, that night when I was summoned out--she had a fear of my going, though I had none--and when I was brought to the North Tower they found these upon my sleeve. You will leave me them? They can never help me to escape in the body, though they may in the spirit. Those words I said. I remember them very well. - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 1, Chapter 6If, when I tell you, dearest dear, that your agony is over, and that I have come here to take you from it, and that we go to England to be at peace and at rest, I cause you to think of your useful life laid waste, and of our native France so wicked to you, weep for it, weep for it! And if, when I shall tell you of my name, and of my father who is living, and of my mother who is dead, you learn that I have to kneel to my honoured father, and implore his pardon for never having for his sake striven all day and lain awake and wept all night, because the love of my poor mother hid his torture from me, weep for it, weep for it! Weep for her, then, and for me! Good gentlemen, thank God! I feel his sacred tears upon my face, and his sobs strike against my heart. O, see! Thank God for us, thank God! - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 1, Chapter 6All through the cold and restless interval, until, dawn, they once more whispered in the ears of Mr. Jarvis Lorry--sitting opposite the buried man who had been dug out, and wondering what subtle powers were forever lost to him, and what were capable of restoration--the old inquiry: I hope you care to be recalled to life?- Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 1, Chapter 6 Quotes from Book 2 But indeed, at that time, putting to death was a recipe much in vogue with all trades and professions, and not least of all with Tellsons. Death is Natures remedy for all things, and why not Legislations? Accordingly, the forger was put to Death; the utterer of a bad note was put to Death; the unlawful opener of a letter was put to Death; the purloiner of forty shillings and sixpence was put to death; the holder of a horse at Tellsons door, who made off with it, was put to Death; the coiner of a bad schilling was put to Death; the sounders of three-fourths of the notes in the whole gamut of Crime, were put to Death. Not that it did the least good in the way of prevention--it might almost have been worth remarking that the fact was exactly the reverse--but, it cleared off (as to this world) the trouble of each particular case, and left nothing else connected with it to be looked after.- Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 1I wont be gone again, in this manner. I am as rickety as a hackney-coach, Im as sleepy as laudanum, my lines is strained to that degree that I shouldnt know, if it wasnt for the pain in em, which was me and which was somebody else, yet Im none the better for it in pocket; and its my suspicion that youve been at it from morning to night to prevent me from being better for it in the pocket, and I wont put up with it, Aggerawayter, and what do you say now! - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 1Waste forces within him, and a desert all around, this man stood still on his way across a silent terrace, and saw for a moment, lying in the wilderness before him, a mirage of honorable ambition, self-denial, and perseverance. In the fair city of this vision, there were airy galleries from which the loves and graces looked upon him, gardens in which the fruits of life hung ripening, waters of Hope that sparkled in his sight. A moment, and it was gone. Climbing to a high chamber in a well of houses, he threw himself do wn in his clothes on a neglected bed, and its pillow was wet with wasted tears.- Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 5I have sometimes sat alone here of an evening, listening, until I have made the echoes out to be the echoes of all the footsteps that are coming by and by into our lives.- Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 6There is a great crowd coming one day into our lives, if that be so.- Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 6What a night it has been! Almost a night, Jerry, to bring the dead out of their graves.- Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 6It is extraordinary to me that you people cannot take care of yourselves and your children. One or the other of you is forever in the way.- Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 7I know it all, I know it all. Be a brave man, my Gaspard! It is better for the poor plaything to die so, than to live. It has died in a moment without pain. Could it have lived an hour as happily? - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 7Repression is the only lasting philosophy. The dark deference of fear and slavery, my friend, will keep the dogs obedient to the whip, as long as this roof shuts out the sky, - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 9Good-night! I look to the pleasure of seeing you again in the morning. Good repose! Light Monsieur my nephew to his chamber there! And burn Monsieur my nephew in his bed, if you will. - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 9There is no harm at all done. I have not proposed to the young lady, and, between ourselves, I am by no means certain, on reflection, that I ever should have committed myself to that extent. Mr. Lorry, you cannot control the mincing vanities and giddiness of empty-headed girls; you must not expect to do it, or you will always be disappointed. Now, pray say no more about it. I tell you, I regret it on account of others, but I am satisfied on my own account. And I am really very much obliged to you for allowing me to sound you, and for giving me your advice; you know the young lady better than I do; you were right, it never would have done. - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 12The time will come, the time will not be long in coming, when new ties will be formed about you--ties that will bind you yet more tenderly and strongly to the home you so adorn--the dearest ties that will ever grace and gladden you. O Miss Manette, when the little picture of a happy fathers face looks up in yours, when you see your own bright beauty springing up anew at your feet, think now and then that there is a man who would give his life, to keep a life you love beside you! - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 13But, there were other echoes, from a distance, that rumbled menacingly in the corner all through this space of time. And it was now, about little Lucies sixth birthday, that they b egan to have an awful sound, as of a great storm in France with a dreadful sea rising. - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 21Seven prisoners released, seven gory heads on pikes, the keys of the accursed fortress of the eight strong towers, some discovered letters and other memorials of prisoners of old time, long dead of broken hearts--such, and such-like, the loudly echoing footsteps of Saint Antoine escort through Paris streets in mid-July, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-nine. Now, Heaven defeat the fancy of Lucie Darnay, and keep these feet far out of her life! For, they are headlong, mad, and dangerous; and in the years so long after the breaking of the cask at Defarges wine-shop door, they are not easily purified when once stained red. - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 21From such household occupations as their bare poverty yielded, from their children, from their aged and their sick crouching on the bare ground famished and na ked, they ran out with streaming hair, urging one another, and themselves, to madness with the wildest cries and actions. Villain Foulon taken, my sister! Old Foulon taken, my mother! Miscreant Foulon taken, my daughter! Then, a score of others ran into the midst of these, beating their breasts, tearing their hair, and screaming, Foulon alive! Foulon who told the starving people they might eat grass! Foulon who told my old father that he might eat grass, when I had no bread to give him! Foulon who told my baby it might suck grass, when these breasts were dry with want! O mother of God, this Foulon! O Heaven, our suffering! Hear me, my dead baby and my withered father: I swear on my knees, on these stones, to avenge you on Foulon! - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 22For scores of years gone by, Monseigneur had squeezed and wrung it, and had seldom graced it with his presence except for the pleasures of the chase--now, found in hunting the people; now, found in hunting the beasts, for whose preservation Monseigneur made edifying spaces of barbarous and barren wilderness. No. The change consisted in the appearance of strange faces of low caste, rather than in the disappearance of the high-caste, chiseled, and otherwise beatified and beatifying features of Monseigneur. - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 23For the love of Heaven, of justice, of generosity, of the honour of your noble name, I supplicate you, Monsieur heretofore the Marquis, to succour and release me. My fault is that I have been true to you. Oh, Monsieur heretofore the Marquis, I pray you be true to me! - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 24The Loadstone Rock was drawing him, and he must sail on, until he struck. He knew of no rock; he saw hardly any danger. The intention with which he had done what he had done, even although he had left it incomplete, presented it before him in an aspect that would be gratefully acknowledged in Franc e on his presenting himself to assert it. Then, that glorious vision of doing good, which is so often the sanguine mirage of so many good minds, arose before him, and he even saw himself in the illusion with some influence to guide this raging Revolution that was running so fearfully wild. - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 2, Chapter 24 Quotes From Book 3 Five paces by four and a half, five paces by four and a half, five paces by four and a half. He made shoes, he made shoes, he made shoes. The ghosts that vanished when the wicket closed. There was one among them, the appearance of a lady dressed in black, who was leaning in the embrasure of a window, and she had a light shining upon her golden hair, and she looked like...Let us ride on again, for Gods sake, through the illuminated villages with the people all awake! - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 3, Chapter 1The wives and mothers we have been used to see since we were as little as this child, and much less, have not been greatly considered? We have known their husbands and fathers laid in prison and kept from them, often enough? All our lives, we have seen our sister-women suffer, in themselves and in their children, poverty, nakedness, hunger, thirst, sickness, misery, oppression and neglect of all kinds? - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 3, Chapter 3It wa s the popular theme for jests; it was the best cure for headache, it infallibly prevented the hair from turning grey, it imparted a particular delicacy to the complexion, it was the National Razor which shaved close: who kissed La Guillotine, looked through the little window and sneezed into the sack. It was the sign of the regeneration of the human race. It superseded the Cross. Models of it were worn on breasts from which the Cross was discarded, and it was bowed down to and believed in where the Cross was denied. - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 3, Chapter 4I call myself Samson of the firewood guillotine. See here again! Loo, loo, loo; Loo, loo, loo! And off her head comes! Now, a child. Tickle, tickle; Pickle, pickle! And off its head comes! All the family! - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 3, Chapter 5I am the resurrection and the life, saith the Lord: he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live: and whosoever liveth and believeth in me, shall never die. - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 3, Chapter 9If it had pleased God to put it in the hard heart of either of the brothers, in all these frightful years, to grant me any tidings of my dearest wife--so much as to let me know by a word whether alive or dead--might have thought that He had not quite abandoned them. But, now I believe that the mark of the red cross is fatal to them, and that they have no part in His mercies. And them and their descendants, to the last of their race, I, Alexandre Manette, unhappy prisoner, do this last night of the year 1767, in my unbearable agony, denounce to the times when all these things shall be answered for. I denounce them to Heaven and to earth. - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 3, Chapter 10Then tell the Wind and Fire where to stop, but dont tell me. - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 3, Chapter 12If you remember the words that passed between us, long ago, you will readily comprehend this when you see it. You do remember them, I know. It is not in your nature to forget them. I am thankful that the time has come, when I can prove them. That I do so is no subject for regret or grief. If it had been otherwise, I never should have used the longer opportunity. If it had been otherwise - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 3, Chapter 13It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a far, far better rest that I go to than I have ever known. - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Book 3, Chapter 15